POINTS TO REMEMBER UNIT 1

CHAPTER 9 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND ANALYTES

  • health and disease qualitatively describes the condition of the individual

  • normal and abnormal are objective interpretations of data used to determine whether an individual has a disease

    • objective = facts, truths, data

  • reference ranges are set up by drawing blood from many individuals, performing a test, then calculating the mean (peak of bell curve) and the reference interval around the mean which is ± 2SD

  • cells have nuclei, cytoplasm, plasma membranes, and many more organelles

  • the processes or conditions that cause disease include inflammation, immunity, cell death, necrosis, and cellular adaptation

    • inflammation = response to foreign invaders

    • immunity = immune cells that produce antibodies

    • cell death = apoptosis which is the natural way that cells die (does not induce inflammation)

    • necrosis = cells die faster than they can be removed (induces inflammation)

    • cellular adaptation (defense mechanisms)

      • hyperplasia

      • metaplasia

      • neoplasia

  • cellular injury causes alterations of body function and chemistry

  • two types of errors that occur in the laboratory measurements are false-positive and false-negative results

  • ordering lab tests is based on a patients medical history, physical exam, and objective test results

  • routine chemistry labs perform tests such as glucose, BUN, creatinine, electrolytes, enzymes, calcium, phosphate, magnesium, liver function, and lipid panels

  • clinical chemistry labs also contain secretions such as therapeutic drug monitoring, arterial blood gases, special chemistry, and body fluids

CHAPTER 10 CELL INJURY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO DISEASE POINTS TO REMEMBER

  • stress causes injuries to the body that lead to disease

  • cellular adaptations to stress include hyperplasia, metaplasia, anf dysplasia

  • stimuli that lead to injury include hypoxia, physical actions, radiation, toxic substances, microbes, immune reactions, nutrition, genes, aging, and cancer

  • five distinct biochemical mechanisms cause injuries to cells

  • when cells die, they release cytoplasmic chemicals into the bloodstream

  • specific cells release specific chemicals into the bloodstream, and measurement of these chemicals can aid in diagnosing disease

  • during a myocardial infarction, the creatine kinase MB isoenzyme, troponin T and I, and LD are released into the bloodstream

CHAPTER 11 INFLAMMATION POINTS TO REMEMBER

  • natural barriers help the body protect itself

  • inflammation is the response of the body to injury and involves chemicals and cells and is considered a nonspecific response

  • goal of inflammation is to prevent further injury and infection and begin healing

  • the complement, clotting, and kinin systems are responsible for an effective inflammatory response

  • the complement cascade destroys pathogens directly or in conjunction with the clotting and kinin systems

  • the classical complement system is activated by antibody-antigen complexes, the lectin pathway by specific bacterial carbs, and the alternative pathway by gram-negative and fungal cell wall polysaccharides

  • the clotting system is responsible for forming a lattice around the injured tissue to stop the bleeding, prevent the spread of infection, trap organisms at the injury site, and provide a structure for repair and resolution

  • bradykinin is the biologically active molecule in the kinin system that dilates blood vessels and acts with the E-series prostaglandins to induce pain, contract smooth muscles, increase vascular permeability, and increase WBC migration to the injury site

  • many chemical mediators are released during inflammation, and the action of these mediators include increased blood flow, blood vessel dilation at the injury site, increased blood vessel permeability, and leakage of fluid and cells into extracellular sites

  • cells involved in inflammation → neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and platelets

    • works to confine the damage, kill the organisms, and remove debris

  • cells secrete chemokines and cytokines to regulate inflammation

  • mast cells play a central role in inflammation through degranulation and synthesis

  • liver produces many acute phase proteins during the inflammatory response, including fibrinogen, alpha1-antitrypsin, complement components, and C-reactive protein (CRP)

  • acute inflammation lasts less than 2 weeks and chronic inflammation lasts more than 2 weeks

  • chronic inflammation is controlled by cells as the body switches from a nonspecific to a more specific response

  • the main cells involved in chronic inflammation are monocytes, macrophages, B and T lymphocytes, and plasma cells

  • end product of inflammation is repair and resolution

  • signs of acute inflammation are heat, redness, pain, and swelling

  • hallmarks of chronic inflammation include migration of cells, infiltration of inflammatory cells, tissue destruction, and repair processe