Foundations of PA
Page 1: Foundations of PA as Field of Study
Introduction to Public Administration (PA) as a field
Page 2: Learning Objectives
Gain appreciation of foundations of public administration
Understand politics-administration dichotomy
Reflect on the relevance and implications of the concept
Page 3: Context of PA as an Emerging Field
PA in the Philippines influenced by development in the US
Importance of understanding PA evolution in the US
Key concept: separation of politics from administration
Page 4: Historical Context of American PA
Anti-statist and limited government views in early US
US Constitution lacks explicit provisions for "administration"
Founders influenced by republicanism
Page 5: Key Elements of Republican Design
Good citizenship, morality, integrity as societal foundation
Emphasis on self-governance without central intervention
Rule of law as a basis for government authority
Separation of powers as a check-and-balance system
Page 6: Challenges of Limited Government
Economic management issues: disorganized relations, inflation
Inter-governmental relations for funding confederate costs
Foreign relations consistency and military threats
Page 7: Early US Administration Composition
Administered by elite individuals (gentlemen of society)
Democratization introduced by President Jackson
Political affiliation influenced federal job appointments
Page 8: Wilson and Administrative Reform
Wilson advocated for a science of administration
Creation of Civil Service Commission via Pendleton Act 1883
Focus on non-partisanship and improving public office efficiency
Page 9: Administration as a Science
Separation of administration from politics emphasized
Administration seen as execution of public law while politics sets tasks
Page 10: Importance of Studying Administration
Aim to prepare better government officials
Use public criticism to inform policy
Focus on organization and government efficiency
Page 11: Comparative Study of Administration
Study methods adapted from other sectors to enhance administration
Practical application for effective politics in governance
Page 12: Politics-Administration Dichotomy
Concept introduced for separation of political influence
Page 13: Wilson's Advocacy of Dichotomy
Advocated for separation but did not explicitly use term "dichotomy"
Focus on civil service reform for political change
Page 14: Classic View of the Dichotomy
Separation of administrative roles from partisan politics
Reform aimed at reducing patronage in political offices
Page 15: Utility of the Dichotomy
Promoted business-like governance and efficiency
Insulated government operations from political influences
Page 16: Professionalization of Government
Rationality and science promoted for effective governance
Structural organization for achieving efficiency
Page 17: Civil Service Reform and Dichotomy
1883 reform marked beginning of professional public administration
Ensured political neutrality and merit-based systems
Page 18: The Dichotomy's High Point
Late 1920s-30s saw acceptance of the dichotomy as orthodoxy
Focus shifted to apolitical administration in policy-making
Page 19: Beyond Wilson - Frank Goodnow
Goodnow distinguished between politics and administration functions
PA emerged as subfield of political science
Page 20: Leonard D. White's Textbook
First dedicated textbook on public administration
Emphasized non-involvement of politics in administration
Page 21: Strategic Value of the Dichotomy
Legitimized public administration's role as a separate field
Encouraged scientific methods in administration
Page 22: Instrumental Value of Separation
Improved policy implementation and expertise development
Achieved societal values like fairness and effectiveness
Page 23: Present-Day Dichotomy Dilemma
Theory suggests separation of powers but not in practice
Page 24: Modern Administrative State Functions
Combines roles of legislature and judiciary
Administrative power remains largely unchecked
Page 25: Ideal Dichotomy
An apolitical civil service serving any government
Page 26: Reality of Political Civil Service
Civil servants hold significant policy influence
Expertise affects policy formulation and implementation
Page 27: Vague Policy Decisions
Conflicts and uncertainties exist in policy-making
Implementers often make crucial decisions
Page 28: Reflection on Political Legitimacy
Consider implications of political influence on administration in several contexts.