AP World History Review

Taj Mahal

• Mausoleum in Agra, India.
• Built by Shah Jahan for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal.
• Considered the peak of Islamic Indian architecture.

School of National Learning

• Initially for studying Japanese culture and literature.
• Shifted focus to nationalism.
• Led to the Meiji Restoration.

Nzinga Mvemba

• Also known as Alfonso I of Kongo.
• Worked with Portuguese traders.
• Protested against increased slave trade.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

• Founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan.
• Shogunate lasted from 1600 to the Meiji Restoration in 1868.

Zamindar

• Landowner in Persia.
• Held large tracts of land.
• Controlled peasants.

Nadir Khan Afshar

• Iranian Shah from 1736-1747.
• Deposed the Safavid dynasty.
• Expanded empire to control a large part of the Middle East.

Sikhism

• Religion from India.
• Emphasizes selfless service.
• Follows the teachings of the Gurus.

Royal African Company

• English joint stock company.
• Created in 1660.
• Monopoly over the English slave trade in West Africa.

Devshirme

• "Blood tax" or "tribute in blood."
• Ottoman practice of taking Christian boys (ages 8-18).
• Boys were raised and served the Ottoman state.

Janissaries

• Elite infantry created by the Ottomans.
• Recruited Christian boys.
• Became the first standing army in European history.

Zheng He

• Ming Chinese eunuch.
• Traveled extensively throughout the Indian Ocean basin.

Asante

• Also known as the Ashanti.
• Held an empire in West Africa.
• Involved in the Transatlantic Slave Trade.

Vodun

• Also known as voodoo.
• Syncretic religion.
• Blends Catholicism and animistic African religions.

Shah Abbas the Great

• Fifth and strongest of the Safavid Shahs.
• Reunified and expanded Persian rule in the Middle East.

Mughal Dynasty

• Gunpowder empire in India (1526-1857).
• Strong Muslim influence from Persia.

Forbidden City

• Palace built in Beijing.
• Built in the early 1400s by the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Robert Di Nobili

• Italian Jesuit missionary to India.
• Blended Hindu culture with Catholic theology.

Francis Xavier

• Cofounder of the Jesuits.
• Missionary to South, Southeast, and East Asia.

Caravel

• Small, fast ships.
• Used by the Portuguese and Spanish during the Age of Exploration.
• Equipped with lateen sails.

Ottomans

• Empire founded by the Turks after the collapse of the Byzantine Empire.
• Controlled the western Mediterranean until the end of WWI.

Shah Jahan

• Fifth Mughal emperor.
• Known for architectural projects like the Taj Mahal.

Akbar

• Third Mughal emperor.
• Ruled in the late 16th century.
• Expanded Mughal rule to the entire Indian subcontinent.

Manchu

• People from Northeastern China.
• Established the Qing Dynasty in 1636.

Jizya

• Yearly head tax.
• Paid by dhimmi in Islamic-controlled areas.

Plantations

• Large estates for farming.
• Specialize in cash crops.

Malacca

• Trading city in modern-day Malaysia.
• Controlled by the Portuguese, Dutch, and British.
• Important for trade in the Indian Ocean.

Suleyman the Magnificent

• Longest-reigning Ottoman sultan.
• Expanded the Ottoman empire to its largest extent.
• Oversaw the golden age of Ottoman art and culture.

Great Trek

• Migration of Dutch-speaking settlers (Boers) from the Cape Colony.
• Moved into the interior of Africa.
• Due to conflict with the British.

Dahomey

• West African kingdom (1600-1894).
• Directly involved in the Transatlantic Slave Trade.

Safavid Dynasty

• Ruling dynasty of the gunpowder empire in Iran.
• Controlled the area from 1501-1736.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

• Daimyo and Samurai who unified Japan.
• Expelled Christian missionaries from Japan.

African Diaspora

• The worldwide collection of communities descended from African peoples.

Mehmed II

• Ottoman sultan.
• Conquered Constantinople and the surrounding area for the Turks in the mid-1400s.

Din-i-Ilahi

• Syncretic religion created by Akbar.
• Combines Muslim, Hindu, Christian, Sikh, and Zoroastrian ideas.

Shah

• Title given to Persian royalty.

St. Petersburg

• Russia’s second-largest city.
• Founded by Peter the Great in 1703.

Middle Passage

• Slave voyages from Africa to the Americas.
• Traumatic experience for enslaved Africans.
• Failed to strip Africans of their culture.

Romanov Dynasty

• Last Russian dynasty.
• Founded in 1613 by Michael I.

Copernicus

• Polish mathematician and astronomer.
• Discovered the heliocentric solar system.

Third Rome

• Eastern Orthodox belief.
• Moscow was the successor holy city after the fall of Constantinople in 1453.

Constitutional Monarchy

• Country nominally led by a monarch.
• Monarch has no involvement in government policy.

Versailles

• Principal royal residence of France from 1682 under Louis XIV until the French Revolution in 1789 under Louis XVI.

Peninsulares

• European born in Europe living in the Americas.
• Typically at the top of the Spanish American social class system.

Candomble

• Religious tradition in Brazil.
• Created from a mixture of Catholic and African beliefs.

The Prince

• Book written by Niccolo Machiavelli.
• Emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power.

Leonardo da Vinci

• Renaissance painter, sculptor, and inventor.
• Considered the ideal Renaissance humanist.

Treaty of Tordesillas

• 1494 treaty between Spain and Portugal.
• Divided the Americas for colonization purposes.

Humanism

• Renaissance cultural movement.
• Turned away from medieval scholasticism.
• Revived interest in Greek and Roman thought.

Catherine the Great

• Longest-ruling Empress of Russia.
• Attempted to modernize Russia in the style of Peter the Great.

Mestizos

• People of mixed European and Indian ancestry in Mesoamerica and South America.

Bartolome de las Casas

• 16th-century Spanish historian and friar.
• Traveled extensively throughout Spanish America and described the horrible treatment of the indigenous population.

Saltwater Slaves

• Slaves brought from Africa to the Americas on the Middle Passage.

English Civil War

• Conflict from 1640 to 1660.
• Religious dispute mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy in England.

William Shakespeare

• 16th-century English playwright.
• Known for tragedies and comedies.
• Considered the best writer in the English language.

Elizabeth I

• Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.
• Queen of England and Ireland from 1558-1603.
• Oversaw the full Anglicization of England.

Creole Slaves

• Slaves in the Americas prior to 1660.
• Came from a variety of ethnic backgrounds.

Scientific Revolution

• Period of time which saw the emergence of modern scientific thought over previous natural philosophy.

Haciendas

• Spanish system of large land holdings.
• Typically for plantation agriculture.

Triangular Trade

• Trade route in the northern Atlantic.
• Brought slaves to the Americas, raw materials to Europe, and then finished goods were traded.

Ivan the Terrible

• First Russian tsar.
• Defeated the remaining Mongol conquerors.
• Known for his brutality.

Treaty of Westphalia

• Treaty which ended the Thirty Years' War.
• Established territorial sovereignty.

Potosi

• Mine located in upper Peru (modern Bolivia).
• Largest New World silver mines.
• Produced 80% of all Peruvian silver.

Encomienda

• Grant given by Spain to conquistadors.
• Established them as vassals over territory and indigenous labor in the Americas and the Philippines.

Indies Piece

• Spanish term used to refer to the price of an adult male African slave.

Elizabeth I

• Queen of England for over 60 years.
• Saw extensive exploration and the strengthening of English political power around the world.

Republic de Indios

• Made up of all resettled Indians.
• Supposed to protect Indians from outside influences and demarcated Indian property.

Conquistador

• Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World.

Thirty Years War

• Religious war in the mid-1600s.
• Ended with the Treaty of Westphalia.

Rene Descartes

• French philosopher, considered the father of western philosophy.
• Best known for “I think, therefore I am.”

Glorious Revolution

• 1688 Overthrow of James II of England in favor of William of Orange.

Vasco de Balboa

• Spanish conquistador.
• First European to see the Pacific Ocean from the American side by crossing the isthmus of Panama.

Factories

• European trading fortresses built by the Portuguese in Africa and the Indian Ocean.
• Secured landing places and commerce for European merchants.
• Allowed Europeans to gain dominance in Indian Ocean trade routes.

J. Gutenberg

• German printer.
• First person in Europe to use the printing press and moveable type.

Protestantism

• Branch of Christianity.
• Originated during the Reformation as an alternative to Catholicism.

Jean Calvin

• French theologian.
• Wrote extensively about predestination.

Cape Colony

• Colony founded by the Dutch East India Company on Africa’s Cape of Good Hope.
• Later became a British colony.

Counter Reformation

• Period of Catholic resurgence in response to the Protestant Reformation.
• Began with the Council of Trent and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War.

Moctezuma II

• Last independent Aztec emperor.
• Killed during Hernan Cortes' conquest of Tenochtitlan.

Indulgences

• Catholic Church’s policy of the remission of sins.
• Designed to reduce time spent in Purgatory after death, granted for charitable contributions or other good deeds.
• Led to abuses that caused the Protestant Reformation.

Isaac Newton

• English scientist and mathematician.
• Father of modern physics, theory of gravity, and discovery of calculus.

Atahualpa

• Last Inca emperor.
• Executed by Francisco Pizarro.

Martin Luther

• Writer of the 95 Theses.
• Considered the father of Protestant theology.

British East India Company

• English joint stock company founded in 1600.
• Intent on expanding English trade into the Indian Ocean which directly controlled British India.

Seven Years War

• Fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763.
• Resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America.

Chattel Slavery

• Also called traditional slavery.
• People are treated as the personal property of the owner and are bought and sold as commodities.

Absolute Monarchy

• Political structure in which a king has supreme authority over their territory and who claimed to rule through divine right from God.

Anglican Church

• Denomination of Protestantism.
• Created after the Pope refused to grant Henry VIII a divorce from Catherine of Aragon.

Mercantilism

• Economic theory in which colonies serve to give the mother country raw materials for industry and as a market to then sell finished goods.

Indentured Servitude

• An employee within a system of unfree labor who is bound by a signed or forced contract to work for a particular employer for a fixed time.

Jesuits

• Group of Catholic priests and monks originating in the 16th century who participated in missionary work throughout the Americas.

Predestination

• The belief that all human events are the will of God and cannot be changed.

Columbian Exchange

• Period of biological exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia including plants, animals, and diseases.

Hernan Cortes

• Led expedition of 600 to the coast of Mexico in 1519.
• Conquistador responsible for the defeat of the Aztec Empire and recaptured Tenochtitlan.

Peter The Great

• Russian tsar who expanded Russian borders.
• Made Russia a significant European power following Westernization.

Nagasaki

• The only Japanese port city open to Dutch traders.

Henry VIII

• English monarch who ruled in the 16th century.
• Established the Anglican Church after the Pope refused to grant him a divorce.

Magellan

• Portuguese sailor who became the first person to circumnavigate the world in the early 16th century.

El Mina

• Port in Ghana which the Portuguese used in the Transatlantic Slave Trade.

Joint Stock Company

• A business entity in which shares of the company's stock can be bought and sold by shareholders.

Deism

• Belief in one universal creator, but rejects organized religion.

Louis XIV

• French monarch also known as the Sun King.
• Responsible for the idea of absolute monarchy.

Goa

• Territory in India controlled by the Portuguese.
• Served as a trading post for nearly 450 years.

Lutheranism

• Denomination of Protestantism which most closely follows the theological beliefs of Martin Luther.

95 Theses

• Written by Martin Luther in 1517.
• Detailed theological problems with the Catholic Church, specifically with indulgences.

Francisco Pizarro

• Spanish conquistador who killed Atahualpa and claimed the Inca empire for Spain.