Untitled

Classroom Expectations

• Respect each other’s identities, differing viewpoints, and cultures.
• Create a judgment-free zone where everyone is allowed to learn.
• Mistakes are welcome as they are essential for growth.
• If something feels off, students are encouraged to communicate; the instructor's door or inbox is always open.

Course Expectations

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey

Fourth Edition

Chapter 5: Tissues and Systems: The Inside Story

• Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Module 1

5.1: List and Describe the Four Main Types of Tissues and Variations Within Each Type

Introduction

• Cells: The basic building blocks of our bodies.
  • Similar cells cluster into tissues that perform similar functions.
• Tissues: Collections of similar cells that work together for a common function.
• Organs: A collection of tissues designed to perform similar functions.
• Systems: Groups of organs that work together to execute specific body activities, often assisted by accessory structures.

Overview of Tissues

• Tissue definition: A collection of similar cells working together for a function.
  • Analogy: Cells are likened to bricks in a building structure, placed in specific arrangements to create functional walls.

Types of Tissue

• Four main types of tissues:
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous

Epithelial Tissue

5.2

Epithelial Tissue Description

1. Function: Acts like plastic wrap covering and lining various body parts.
   • Characterized by tightly-packed cells forming a sheet, typically without blood vessels (except for certain cases such as bowel epithelial tissue with capillaries).

Classification of Epithelial Tissue

1. By cell shape and arrangement:
   • Squamous: Flat or scale-like cells
   • Cuboidal: Cube-shaped cells
   • Columnar: Column-like cells
   • Transitional: Stretchy and variably shaped cells
2. By layers:
   • Simple: Single layer of same type cells
   • Stratified: Multiple layers; named by type of outer layer cell
   • Pseudostratified: Appears stratified but is a single layer of cells

Connective Tissue

5.2

Overview of Connective Tissue

• Definition: The most common tissue type, found scattered throughout the body, present in organs, bones, nerves, muscles, membranes, and skin.
• Functions:
  • Holds structures together and provides support.
  • Contains cells embedded in a non-living extracellular matrix.

Types of Connective Tissue

1. Cartilage: Cells within gel-like matrix.
2. Bone: Cells within mineral matrix.
3. Blood and Lymph Fluid: Cells within liquid matrix.

Muscle Tissue

5.3: Differentiate the Three Main Types of Muscle Tissue

General Overview

• Function: Muscle tissue enables movement in and around the body via its contractile properties.
• Types of Muscle Tissue:
  1. Skeletal Muscle
  2. Cardiac Muscle
  3. Smooth Muscle

Skeletal Muscle

1. Appearance: Striated (striped).
2. Function: Controls voluntary movement by contracting and relaxing.
3. Location: Found surrounding body openings (mouth) and responsible for opening size control.
4. Cell Structure: Long, fiber-like cells with multiple nuclei; controlled consciously (voluntary muscle).

Cardiac Muscle

1. Location: Heart walls.
2. Function: Involuntary muscle tissue; contracts efficiently without conscious control.
3. Cell Structure: Cells interlock to enhance contraction efficiency.

Smooth Muscle

1. Location: Walls of hollow organs (digestive system, blood vessels).
2. Function: Involuntary muscles; not controlled consciously.
3. Cell Structure: Shorter, non-striated cells with a single nucleus.

Nervous Tissue

5.4: Describe the Main Components of Nervous Tissue

Overview of Nervous Tissue

• Function: Acts as the body’s rapid messenger service, transmitting messages that initiate actions.

Main Components

1. Neurons: Responsible for conducting information.
   • Dendrites: Branch-like structures that receive sensory information.
   • Axons: Trunk-like structures that send information away from the cell body.
2. Neuroglia (Glia): Support and connection cells in the nervous system.
3. Meninges: Membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
4. Myelin Sheath: Insulating layer on many nerves that enhances signal transmission efficiency.

Tissue Repair

5.5: Explain the Process of Tissue Repair

Stages of Tissue Repair

1. Initial Response: Following injury, if blood vessels are damaged, wound fills with blood, which contains clotting substances.
   • Symptoms: Inflammation characterized by redness, swelling, heat, pain.
2. Inflammation Process:
   • White blood cells destroy pathogens and clear debris.
   • Excess fluid floods damaged tissues, increasing nutrients and chemicals aiding healing.
3. Wound Closure:
   • Fibroblasts pull wound edges together.
   • New pink tissue fills the area; may regenerate or scar depending on injury severity and tissue type capability.
4. Regeneration Ability:
   • Excellent regenerators: Epithelium, bone, blood, areolar, and adipose tissues.
   • Poor regenerators: Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue generally do not regenerate. Most tissues lie along a spectrum between these extremes.

Relationship Between Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems

5.6

Concept Overview

• The relationship of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems can be visualized as a hierarchy where each level builds upon the previous one. Students reflect on their understanding by writing personal insights after 2 minutes of thinking.

Chapter 6: The Skeletal System: The Framework

Module 1

6.1: Describe the Functions of the Skeletal System

1. Support: Provides the body framework for movement.
2. Protection: Shields soft body parts.
3. Hematopoiesis: Produces blood cells found in bone marrow.
4. Mineral and Fat Storage: Acts as a reservoir for minerals and fat.
5. Bone Composition: Adult skeleton comprises 206 bones and associated cartilage, ligaments, and joints.

Module 2

6.2: Discuss the General Classification of Bone Based on Shape

1. Long Bones: Longer than wide; Found in limbs (e.g., arms and legs).
2. Short Bones: Almost equal in length and width; Found in wrists and ankles.
3. Flat Bones: Thin, plate-like, either flat or curved; Includes skull, ribs, and sternum (breast bone).
4. Irregular Bones: Odd shapes; Include hip bones and vertebrae.
5. Bone Meaning: ‘Skeleton’ derived from Greek, meaning “dried up body.”

Module 3

6.3: Identify and Describe the Anatomy and Physiology of Bone

1. Bone Layers: Three primary layers including compact (dense, hard, tightly packed tissue) and spongy bone (lighter, contains red bone marrow).
2. Compact Bone: Contains osteons (Haversian systems) with blood vessels in Haversian canals. Osteons run parallel with perforating canals.
3. Spongy Bone: Arranged in trabecular structures with irregular holes that facilitate the production of red blood cells in red bone marrow.

Module 4

6.4: Describe the Process of Bone Growth and Repair

1. Ossification: The formation of bone tissue.
   • Growth occurs longitudinally for height and horizontally for support.
2. Cell Types for Growth: Four types involved in bone development:
   • Osteoprogenitor Cells: Non-specialized; can differentiate into various cell types, found in periosteum, endosteum, and canals within bones.
   • Osteoblasts: Forming cells that secrete mineral matrix for bone strength.
   • Osteocytes: Mature osteoblasts surrounded by matrix.
   • Osteoclasts: Originate from monocytes, function in bone resorption and calcium/phosphate transfer to blood.
3. Repair Process Figure: Outlines stages from hematoma formation to scar tissue formation and remodelled bone structure.

Module 5

6.6: Differentiate Between Bone, Cartilage, Joints, Ligaments, and Tendons

Cartilage

1. Type: A special dense connective tissue resilient against tension and pressure (e.g., ears, nose).
2. Functions: Absorbs shocks between bones, effective connector (e.g., rib-sternum articulations).

Joints and Ligaments

1. Joints: Articulations that permit body movement where two or more bones meet.
2. Ligaments: Connect bone to bone, maintaining joint stability.
3. Joint Classification: Functional and structural - varies from immobile (e.g., skull sutures) to freely movable (e.g., elbow).
   • Fibrous Joints: Limited movement; connective tissue strands.
   • Cartilaginous Joints: Joined by cartilage; movement allowed is very slight.
   • Synovial Joints: Freely moving joints with synovial fluid for lubrication.

Module 6

6.8: Locate and Describe the Various Bones within the Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

1. Axial Skeleton: Comprises skull, vertebral column, ribs, hyoid, middle ear bones; total 80 bones for organ protection.
2. Appendicular Skeleton: Comprises bones of limbs, hips, shoulder gridle; total 126 bones with a significant number in hands and feet.

Module 7

6.9: List Specific Bones within Special Regions of the Body

• Detailed anatomical images document regional bone distributions: cranium, facial bones, vertebrae, ribs, and limbs.

Chapter 7: The Muscular System: Movement for the Journey

Module 1

7.1: Differentiate the Three Major Muscle Types and Explain Differences Between Voluntary and Involuntary Muscles

1. Skeletal Muscles: Voluntary control, influences movement through conscious thought.
2. Cardiac Muscles: Involuntary, operate independently as the heart beats.
3. Smooth Muscles: Involuntary, found in walls of hollow organs, controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

Functionality of Muscle Types

• Muscle contraction allows both external body movement and internal processes (e.g., digestion, blood circulation).

Muscle Fiber Structure

• Muscle fibers composed of bundles for contraction; appear cylindrical and pale striated for skeletal muscle, smooth for other muscles.

Module 2

7.3: Skeletal Muscle Movement and Relationships

1. Tendons: Fibrous tissues linking muscle to bone.
2. Ligaments: Connect bones to other bones; mutual contribution to joint stability.
3. Aponeuroses: Broad sheets connecting muscles to bones directly or to underlying tissues.

Contraction Mechanisms

• Primary Movers (Agonists): Chief muscles responsible for actions.
• Point of Origin/Incedent: The fixed starting point and the moving end, respectively, during muscle contractions.
• Synergist Muscles: Aid primary movers, antagonists oppose movement direction.

Chapter 8: The Integumentary System: The Protective Covering

Introduction

1. Protection: The skin acts as a barrier against environmental damage and pathogens.
2. Functions:
   • Regulating body temperature.
   • Containing various accessory organs (nails, hair, glands).

System Overview

• Composed of components such as skin, hair, nails, and glands.

Skin Layers

1. Epidermis: Outermost layer composed of five smaller layers; avascular.
   • Constantly renewing cells every 2-4 weeks from stratum basale.
2. Dermis: Contains capillaries, fibers, involuntary muscles, and glands.
3. Subcutaneous Fascia (Hypodermis): Composed of connective and adipose tissue.

How Skin Heals

1. Initial Phase: Wound fills with blood; clot forms and inflammatory cells work to clear pathogens.
2. Repair Process: Navigating phases of scab formation, and epithelial cell proliferation for wound closure.

Additional Information

• All rights reserved for the content provided, including images and diagrams, by Pearson Education, Inc. for the respective year of publication.