Untitled Flashcards Set

Midterm material

• R - Vitruvius - the ten books of architecture

  • The education of the architect 

  • Practice and theory

  • Cannot perfect every art but learn more about them

  • conversant in every field

• Carme Pinos - “thoughts that accompany me”

  • Material generates a dialogue that makes stories

• Kenneth Frampton

  • “The built is first and foremost a construction and only after an abstract discourse based on surface, volume, and plan”

• Rafael Moneo - “you should know what architecture has done”

3

• R - Reiner de Graaf - I will learn you architecture, the mean pessimistic guy

  • There is a reciprocal relationship between architecture and the work of an architect

  • Architecture is based on economics

  • Not as creative as in school

• R - Juhani Pallasama - embodied thinking, the old cute dude

  • Focuses on creative process

  • The hand is central in the craft we do as architects

  • Engaging in the environment with our senses

• Frederick Froebel 20 gifts. Each level advances to end which is clay which is freeform playing

4

• R - Bauhaus - german art school

  • learn multiple skills in art, foundational

• S - Vkhutemas - the russian counterpart to the Bauhaus

  • Much of our knowledge comes from experience, knowledge does not register without experience

• Black mountain college - Ruth Asawa went there (metal weaving girl) - legacy of weaving – in asheville, american version of the art school

5 8/28

• R - Le Corbusier - towards a new architecture

  • Calls for a transformation in architecture

  • Mass surface and plan

  • Page with temple of hera II and car

    • mass production

  • Modern architecture 

• R - Kieran and Timberlake - argument of refabricating architecture

  • Architects are no longer limited to the imagination

  • Appearance has taken over substance quality

  • Update old designs

• Argue that architecture is behind, we need to apply manufacturing processes to architecture

• Similar table of contents ^^^^^

6 8/30

• S - Master builder

  • There are pre-existing systems put together

• S - Assemblies 

• S - Catalogs

7 9/4

• R - Richard Sennett - the craftsman

  • “Explores dimension of skill, commitment, and judgment”

  • Intimate connection between head and hand

  • The skill of making things well

  • Prometheus (god of fire and craftsmen)

    • Prometheus, as a symbol of human ingenuity and defiance of divine authority, reflects the idea that human beings have the power and responsibility to control their own destiny through craftsmanship and knowledge.

  • Pandora (goddess of invention)

    • Pandora, on the other hand, opens a jar (or box) releasing all the evils of the world, leaving only hope inside. Sennett uses this myth to contrast Prometheus' gift of empowerment with the unintended consequences that often come with human invention and innovation.

  • Verbal garden - metaphor to describe the process of cultivating ideas and thoughts through language - relationship between craft and language

    • Nurture your understanding of architectural terms to do better

  • Homo faber - man as maker

• S - Reinier de Graaf’s Architect, verb relates to Richard Sennett’s craftsman by saying that architects/people who make things don’t really know what they’re doing

• Matthew Crawford 

  • “Shop class as soulcraft” - philosophy with contemporary critique 

  • Motorcycle repair shop

  • Machines + Technology = Good

  • Richard Sennett made a comment in his book

  • sears catalog - named the different assemblies

  • Used to have more of a connect with the assemblies but not anymore

8 9/6

• S - Bruce Mau

  • Calls for designers to be empathetic and design for everyone

  • Not only about creating products for money but influencing how people think, act, and interact with the world

  • Value of farming childhood and effect on design thinking and empathy

  • How he obtained the freshwater

• R - Pietra Rivoli prologue of tshirts in the global economy

  • Explaining the complex and interconnected journey of a simple tshirt through the global economy

  • Forces of trade, politics, and economics that shape the production, distribution, and consumption of everyday goods

9 9/9

• Alberti - lineaments

  • Locality - land that surrounds the building

  • Area - plot of land enclosed for use

  • Compartition- dividing the space into units

  • Wall - structure that supports the building

  • Roof - the uppermost part, fends off the rain, arches, vaults

  • Opening - anything that creates an entry or exit

  • Architecture begins with site analysis

  • Lines are the currency of architecture

• S - Italo Calvino - the invisible cities

  • Relates to the tshirts

  • Invisible strings 

• S - Charles and Ray Eames 

  • Powers of ten - investigating the world (scales)

  • Known for their chairs 

  • Transformed the ideas of modern furniture

• R - Buster - instrument of knowing the site

10 9/11

• Terroir - the natural environment where wine is produced

• Louis Kahn

  • Kimbell art museum

    • Exerts form, space, and order

    • Grid organizations

• Frank Lloyd Wright Falling water

  • Links directly to topography 

• 4 elements of architecture - semper

  • Roof, mound, hearth, enclosure

9/19

• Water is not good

• Wind is good and bad

9/20

• Kenneth Frampton mentioned in his book “studies in tectonic culture”

• Tectonic - intersection/conjoined of stick-like linear figures

  • Wood framing for a house

  • Construction of buildings - the assembly of its structural elements

• Stereotomic - mass and volume are conjoined - stacking on top in the act of compression

  • The earthwork, the solid pieces, the enclosure

  • Describes a style of construction where buildings are formed out of solid materials

  • Mass is solid object, volume is the actual space

• Herzog de Mueron 

  • Dominus winery- weaving of wire

  • De young museum - copper panels

• Frank Gehry and Ruth Asawa- the eisenhower memorial

  • Woven wire

  • Legacy of weaving

• Frank lloyd wright - he built in a way that the workers were able to learn about architecture through the drawings

  • designed usonian houses - used native materials, for middle class people, goal was to fit the needs of the homeowners

  • Robie house - weaving in window patterns

• Millard house - mayan elements

  • “If u had 4 million dollars u could’ve bought this u fucking broke bitch” - greg

• In conclusion, dominus winery, the eisenhower memorial, robbie house equals legacy of weaving

15 9/23

• Building systems

  • Structural - support, castle-like

  • Enclosure - exterior walls, windows, doors (Shell/Exterior Envelope)

  • Mechanical - essential services (electrical, AC, etc)

• Diagram about newton's third law - path of loads

  • Reach equilibrium to have a stable structure

• Columns are square

• Horizontal members/beams lay vertically

  • Bending the ruler

• Truss - distills the forces of the members (lowes) triangles are strong and less material

• Spanning of horizontal members relate to vertical supports - creating a grid

16 9/25

• CCTV building - steel diagrid structure - “a woven structure?” - OMA

  • Foreign engineers defy common sense and found new ways to construct unique structure

• Hancock Tower

• Willis tower

17 9/30

• The function of a foundation is to transfer structural loads

  • Direct response to the land

• Foundation systems

  • Deep - soil is unstable 

    • Piles - pounded into the ground - driven or drilled

      • Helical pile is screwed

    • Caissons - hollow pile that is filled with concrete 

  • Shallow - soil is stable

    • Foundation is placed directly below where the stable starts

    • Have a footing that distributes the weight along the soil

  • Stiletto (deep) and snowshoe (horizontal)

  • All houses on shallow foundation like wall section (Ubiqutious in America)

  • Skyscraper would still probably need deep foundation even if soil is stable because building is extremely heavy

18 10/2

• Terroir - multiple implications, character of climate place and soil - influences culture

  • Wine tastes different based on where it is

• Angle of repose - the angle at which the soil is stable without collapsing

• Soil exerts pressure on the foundation

19 10/7

• R - Anderson Anderson prefab prototypes 

  • Advantages, challenges in prefabrication

  • Modularity

  • How can offsite construction enhance the design and building process

  • Relates to kieran/timberlake refabricating architecture and le corbusier toward a new architecture - in the generation we’re in now, we need better systems

• Starred passage - architecture needs to keep the knowledge of structures 

• Greg said that architects need to understand what they are telling construction workers to build

• “Do both” understand the structures of the building and also be able to design creative ideas and good architecture

20 10/9

• David Pye

• Workmanship of risk - the result is not ordained

  • Craftsmanship, quality is dependent of the skill of the individual 

  • Something could always go wrong

  • Artistic value and uniqueness

• Workmanship of certainty

  • Outcome is predetermined

  • Usually seen in machine-based or automated production systems

  • Prized for uniformity and mass production

- Each has usages, neither are bad, just different

• Softwood (easier to work with ex. nailing in is easier)  - evergreen, cone-bearing trees

  • Framing, structural, panels (general construction)

• Hardwood (harder to work with ex. nailing in is harder) - broad-leaved and flowering trees

  • Trim, paneling, cabinetwork, furniture

• Plain sawn - optimal

• Rift sawn - (third

• Quarter sawn - (2nd most optimal) grain is parallel, stable

• George Nakashima - furniture

  • Works with wood, writes notes on wood

  • Understanding your material

      - Up to 2, take off ¼”

• 2-6 take off ½”

• Greater than 6 take off ¾”

• After seasoning and surfacing the cross section of wood changes so dimensions change

Final

23 10/23

• **** Lightweight wood framing is not structurally stable until it is sheathed******

  • Sheathing is a rigid plane that keeps it stable

• Balloon framing - wall studs are the full height of the building / go up floor to ceiling

  • Outdated 

• Platform framing - light wood frame that the studs are one story high

  • Each story rests on the top plates of the story below or on sill plates of foundation wall

• Frank Gehry House - Santa Monica- fragmented vs whole, new vs old, whole original house with new built around it

• Thorncrown Chapel - Eureka Springs - by E. Fay Jones - attention to detail 

• Wood frame construction is constantly changing, and more economical

  • Typically nailed together

• Thomas Cole “The Course of Empire” 

• Legacy from ground to roof

• All buildings have a life cycle

• Tom Peters 

• Compares America and Europe

 - “Europe celebrates limitation as a prerequisite to the creation of good form.” “America

avoids any restriction.

- America: More inclined towards risk-taking, innovation-driven strategies, and

emphasizing individualism in leadership.

- Europe: Often focuses on incremental improvements, sustainability, and collective

decision-making.

• There are many different types of fasteners, bolts, nails, and screws

  • Taxonomy - categories/categorization (what types of joints there are)

• Glue slide is full of connection points for all materials

• Platform framing is the modern cuisine/sandwich

24 10/25

• Eave detail - the edge of the roof assembly (drew for wall section)

• Joist hangers offer higher precision 

  • There are so many types of them

• There are nailing standards and types *

• Tjibaou Center (Kanak Way) - Renzo Piano - wood and metal details (similar to pottery center)

• Engineered Lumber - man made wood - derivative wood

  • Less susceptible to warping and shrinking 

  • Made from wood scraps glued together 

  • Plywood, Particle board, strandboard, waferboard, etc. 

• North Carolina Pottery Center by Frank Harmon

  • Dimensional lumber posing as heavy timber

  • Celebrates the exposed structure (some hide the joints)

  • Metal receivers creates an interaction between materials and offers a higher level of precision and accuracy in construction 

  • GOOD DESIGN CAN HAPPEN AT ALL PRICE POINTS

• Renzo Piano creates capital A-architecture (great design with great materials) with wood frame experimentation that includes metal joining pieces. Frank Harmon creates more general architecture at a lower price point but also celebrates precision and wood frame construction. This is how good design happens at multiple price points

• Fox Island house - tilt up wood frame

• Nailing standards and typical details

• Masonry/Stone - Stereotomic (larger elements/heavy materials and cut/manipulate/craft)

• Wood Frame/Steel - Tectonic (smaller elements/light material, assembly/join)

• Structural Skins - Lessons from Airstream (Relationship to wood frame construction with the construction and the sheathing) 

  • Airstream is lightweight metal

25

• Brick (Start)

  • Brick Making is primordial & has a rich history 

  • Elemental nature 

    • Relation back to Semper’s elements 

    • Ceramics is connected to the hearth

• Wood and brick (Masonry) are “of the earth”

• Wood “Legacy of Weaving”

• Pottery Barn was intentional, railing going into roof was unintentional

• Just like wood, brick has a terroir based on where the clay comes from

  • Color and mineral composition 

  • Relation to color field painting in color

  • MASONRY IS MODULAR

  • A series of proportional relationships just like in wood frame construction

• Cutler Anderson Medina Residence 

  • Bill Gates’ house

  • Guest house made of heavy timber lumber with metal joints

  • Nod to Japanese Garden

  • Contrast between finished concrete and chipped away concrete that has texture

• Winnipeg Skating Shelters - Patkau Architects - made of plywood

• Heavy timber - (Lincoln Logs)(Frederick Froebel Blocks)

  • Heavy timber, like platform wood framing - a kit of parts

• Light wood frame construction (matches)

• Glulam (Glued Laminated Lumber) - Layers of material bundled up together to form a new item/object

26

• Masonry is modular and holds rich systematic relationships and proportions

• ****Measure and Proportional Relationships matter*************************

1. Brick is formed and baked 

2. Concrete Masonry is formed and steamed 

3. Stone is quarried, cut, and finished

• Making of brick - Clay is oxidized to break up, goes through machines to compact and releases air bubbles, cut up, put in over for 2 days

• Shrinkage can cause differences and inconsistencies in brick sizes

• Terroir and diagram of earth/water/fire relates to how brick is formed from earth

• Two Types of Bricks 

1. Common Brick: not treated for color and texture, makes up the wall structure 

2. Face Brick: Treated for texture and can be glazed with color, decorative 

• Size of a CMU Block: 7 ⅝ x 7 ⅝ x 15 ⅝ (Grout is 3/8in)

  • 12 bricks make up the size of a CMU (with grout)

• Gerhard Richter - the Tate Modern - art

  • Variation of bodies of colors in the built world - relates to brick

• Relation of terroir to wood and brick color Brick grades - designates the durability of a brick unit when exposed to weathering

27 10/30

• Brick’s name comes from the orientation and position in an assembly

  • Stretcher - width/ standard side

  • Header 

  • Soldier

  • Rowlock 

• Bonding and pattern 

  • Running - standard

  • Common - course of headers every 5 or 6 courses of stretcher

  • Stack - successive courses of stretchers - not structural!

• Brick classifications are based on climate

• Wythe wall - wall that is only one brick’s width *** WYTHE = WIDTH - COURSE = HEIGHT

• Robie House - Roman Brick- elongated bric, white mortar horizontally and red vertically for aesthetic purposes

• Mortar - the glue - made of cement, water, and sand - there’s different grades 

  • Mortar needs water to harden ***mortar cures through hydration**

  • ***mortar matters***

  • Residential, most common - N

  • Structural heavy duty exterior applications - S

  • Strongest, load bearing - N

  • Flexible and light- O

  • Lightest, niche, restoration - K

  • Type M, S, N, O, K (strongest to weakest)

28

• Huertley House - FLW

  • pressure washed and the true colors of brick were revealed

  • Contrast of color in materials

• Monadnock Building - Burnham and Root 

  • Old school solid brick

  • Mayan arch features

  • Innovative use of aluminum

• The German Pavilion (The Barcelona Pavilion) - van der Rohe

  • Use of stone with book matched marble

• Crown Hall Chicago - van der Rohe

  • use of steel

• Brick Housing in Amsterdam

• The Rookery - Notable for how they connected different types of masonry units of different sizes and textures to create more ornamental/decorative buildings. Every part is designed. Combines interior steel framing with exterior load-bearing masonry. Mixing the old with the new.

• Lintel Systems

• Mortar Joint Profiles - Architects get excited by excavating mortar to create shadow lines, but masons do not like it because water can leak into there and it freezes which leads to fast degradation of the wall itself (more of an issue in severe climates)

• Louis Kahn - “A brick always wants to be an arch” - poetic expression, materials have inherent qualities and desires that architects should work with. Strong in compression and weak in tension. (pushing vs pulling forces)

• Mies Van Der Rohe - Brick country house conceptual project - shared brick material for building in plan (Shows how it would have actually worked/ gotten built. Creates communication/language from designer to builder with these little details)

• Mies known for hitting on very small details 

• Rebar 3 inches from site of CMU block

29

• Palau Guell - Antoni Gaudi

  • Variety of materials

  • Wood, steel, brick

  • Patterned stone and tiling

• Eladio Dieste Church at Atlantida, Uruguay, 1952

  • wavy brick walls, frame construction

• North Carolina Granite Corporation - Mt. Airy, North Carolina - Thing to remember is to remember where your materials are coming from - global trade of t shirt triangle relation

• George Nakashima - Elevate material to something beautiful ex. Crown hall standardized beams bought from normal stores made into something beautiful from nothing special.

30 

• Where do your materials come from?

  • Ex: NC Granite -> Washington DC 

  • Use of stone in Library of Congress, Trevi Fountain (marble from Rome), Kimbell art museum (Travertine)

• Know how much your building weighs! Stone is heavy so take that into account

• Random rubble v. Coursed rubble

  • Random- quarried stone leftovers

  • Coursed - regular vertically and irregular horizontal, there are horizontal bands

• Random v. coursed ashlar

  • Perfect shapes (squares and rectangles)

• Elevating the material we use 

• George Nakashima- wood coming from different place and changing appearance (travels of a t-shirt, globalization)

• Corrugated tie - nailed to wood/metal stud behind the brick cavity wall

• Z tie - lies on top of materials

• Building Stone is cut a quarried

• Terroir and variation 

• How much does your building weigh?

31

• Cavity Walls 

• Connected with metal corrugated ties Z-ties to give it structure

• Enhanced thermal insulation in cavity 

• Type of rainscreen wall

• Water drains out of cavity through weep holes 

• Requires multiple flashings

• Outer Layer (Leaf): Brick or stone 

• Inner Layer (Leaf): Brick or CMU

• Masonry Wall, Cavity(can have another layer of insulation and has better moisture resistance and thermal insulation, contained more heat), Thicker Masonry Wall

• Series of exterior and internal flashings in wall that drain water through holes

• Movement Joints

• Masonry units expand and contract based on temperature and moisture 

• Expansion Joint - Used for brick because it expands after setting, act as slots that alleviate pressure like foam spacer

• Control joints - Open and stretch slightly to accommodate CMU and blockwork shrinkage like PVC, rubber, cork, or zinc alloy

• Isolation - Separation between masonry units and other materials, used to expanding and contracting doesn't put too much structural stress and/or pressure on the entire structure like foam or fiberboard

• Two Types of Wall Systems 

• Barrier Wall: One solid layer that uses the materials themselves to block out water penetration ex curtain wall but mainly WOOD FRAME WALL SECTION

• Rainscreen wall: Uses multiple layers to resist water penetration and maintain better thermal control] ex CAVITY WALL

• Thermal performance and water resistance is key Better insulation and more commonly used

• Designing for movement is important

• External and internal flashing - helps control the path of water and moisture to get out of the wall - is a supplement to construction

32 

Good architects use a variety of materials - MIES

Mies hid steel structure in farnsworth

Slow vs. Fast architecture 

• Mies vs. Metal shed 

• Fine dining vs. fast food

• Easier/faster/cheaper to construct when planned better. Specifically put together vs just thrown together (shed intentionally - crown hall unintentional pieces/parts)

*********************Steel is recyclable and is often recycled*************************

• Almost 100% of building construction is recycled

• Steel has a large CO2 footprint, brick is easy and low energy to make. Stone and lumber is jsut cut but steel and brick uses heavy machinery

• Crystal palace - Cast iron 1851(hard) beams, trusses(span ranges), columns - early use of prefabrication - first use of metal construction - span ranges influences interior rhythm and helps determine spaces - Modular roof glazing, predecessor to wrought iron and steel

• Wrought Iron 1887-1889 (softer and more malleable) Series of trusses for eiffel tower

• Steel 1860’s - now

• John Hancock Building/Tower - Structural supports influenced design and they found a cheap enough material strategy (price of steel dropped about 20% (remarkably notable), which allowed the project to go ahead) to make the building, making the building economical.

• CCTV Building - Steel Diagrid Structure

• Guggenheim, 1999

  • Steel structures create frame to form the building

  • Series of trusses

  • Originally were going to use sheet steel or aluminum, but used titanium cladding because the Soviet Union crashed and crumbled so the economy crumbled as well. Titanium used to be owned by them and expensive, so it became affordable after their downfall. (World Politics) Titanium cladding to be machine like, shiny, and more resilient.

  • Different uses of steel and opportunities of form-finding - opening of museum

• Eiffel tower - made of wrought iron

  • Like steel and flexible

• 1860s -Now - Steel (soft)

  • Burnham, Hancock, CCTV

  • Great engineering, metal diagrid with three layers, cohesion between architect, engineer, and construction

Cast Iron -> Wrought Iron -> Steel

• Richard Serra, Ed. Chillida 

• Respect engineers for height climbing and how to make building 

• Discourse on steel usage (even though its in art)

• Steel is on the topic of sustainability

• W beam (Wide Flange)

• S beam (American Standard) 

• C Beam (Channel)

• L Shape, WT, 

• Flange = top and bottom, Web = middle connector

• Steel has to be painted/coated or galvanized(coated in zinc) in order to reduce rust

• Steel has carbon in it, the more carbon in the steel, the stronger it is, but the harder it is to weld

• Many different types of steel and options that you can use, “a lot of flavors in ice cream”

• Rust is a protective layer because it does not decompose any further

• “COR-TEN” is trade name for weathering steel

Nomenclature For steel

W12 x 26

12 = inches deep

26 = pounds per linear foot/foot of length 

W = Steel type

GOD IS IN THE DETAILS ****LESS IS MORE - MIES VAN DER DICK BALLS

33

• Weaving wool analogy to diagrid structure of cctv building

34

BIG uses weathering steel - COR-TEN at the Refugee Museum of Denmark (rust gives a protective layer and gives a nice surface texture

Creating steel has a large ecological footprint footprint

• Increase in carbon increases strength and hardness reduces ductility and weldability

• Corten Steel weathers, Richard Serra, Bjarke ingles 

• Steel must be coated or galvanized to reduce rust

• Rust can act as a barrier 

• Weathering steel is high strength , low alloy and creates an oxide coating that prevents further oxidation

Fastening steel

• Rivets - Ends are heated up and capped on receiving end - thing of the past

• Bolts, washer, and nuts used now.

• Welds - If a moment connection were required this type of connection would be used instead of shear connection

Structuring Steel Framed Buildings 

• Bracing (good with tension and compression)- diagonal members 

• Shear Walls - provide stiffness and strength by restricting forces through shifting and bending. Both good for lateral strength - take up space.

• Good for projects idealizing/prioritizing efficiency and cost - good for tall towers/ earthquake and/or resistant building

• Rigid Core - super strong core

• STIFFNESS VERY HIGH 

• Moment Resisting Frame - Resist lateral forces through the bending of beams and columns relying on the rigidity of their connections - more open floor plan opportunities because they dont take up as much space.

• Best for architectural freedom, way more open spaces and less worry about span ranges

• Rigid shell distributed around the building equally 

• STIFFNESS VERY MODERATE

Open web steel joists are very common, vary in scale and capacity to span, and they are a very efficient use of material

• The corrugations (waves or ribs) in steel decking increase its stiffness and load-carrying capacity, allowing it to span larger distances with less material vs a normal metal sheet that is very bendable

Steel will melt

• 9/11 building didn't collapse because of the plane impact, it resisted it, but the fireproofing got stripped off of the building, so the jet fuel and fire from the impact made the steel catch on fire, therefore weakening the building and leading it to collapse “Fire baaaaaaad” (structural steel in mid-story and tall buildings will be fire-proofed)

• Steel has to be wrapped with fireproof coating

• Light Gauge Steel Construction and Wood Light Frame Construction are very similar

• The geometry of the shape of a material profoundly impacts its structural capacity and efficiency  aka corrugation  

• When sheathing is applied to the corner, that is when it gets sturdy.

• Girts(structural beam or frameworks) for trusses and corrugated roof decking = recipe for a cheap and efficient building ex walmart

• HOW HEAVY IS YOUR BUILDING

• Concrete and gingerbread cookie mix - mixing is similar with strategies

35 

• Geometry of the cross-section of material influences its strength when it is part of a building component - corrugated metal products are a prime example… as are wood products  

• The geometry of the shapeof a material profoundly impacts its structural capacity and efficiency ***

• Concrete is NOT cement(fine grate power to mix with water to bind aggregates together, in other words the glue/ingredient)

• Cement = flour, Concrete = bread

• Holy grail in building industry, is to find replacement/alternative to cement that does not leave as bad of a carbon footprint (econonmicallly not friendly)

• Concrete is not structurally stable until it is reinforced with wire mesh and rebar 

• Again, how much does your building weigh? Keep it in mind because it is IMPORTANT

• Markings from manufacturing process of concrete are left on, hence the little dimples in the wall

• The amount of water in a concrete mix is a significant issue (too much water is puddy, too littel water keeps it grainy and hard, so the perfect amount of water is needed

• Qaulity of water & and quality of aggregate(gravel, crushed stone, sand, cement, water, etc.) matter

• Concrete is a bunch of sand and stuff glued together really fucking hard 😀😝

  • Cement is the binder + sand + gravel + water

  • Water needs to be clean and use the perfect amount (too less is hard to mix, too much undermines the cement strength)

• It makes a lot of co2

• Steel is integrated with concrete - reinforced rebar/wire mesh to grasp with concrete

36

• Concrete is not tofu, you can't use it in everything, it isnt pasta either but more pasta than tofu because you have to bemore selective when you use it

• Carbon dioxide emissions from the production of portland cement - roughly 5% of all carbon dioxide gas generated by human activities and about 1.5% percent of such emission in North America

• Vitruvius - Sand, Lime, and Pozzolana… Concrete!

37

• Does the detail celebrate or take away from the design??

• Barrier walls - thick

• Rainscreen- rain will enter and filter out

• Moisture barrier attaches to sheathing - between wall structure and insulation

• Studs and sheathing come together, then moisture barrier is sprayed onto wall (always needs something to latch onto)

• Building felt deteriorates with UV

• Fiberglass is good for sound but nothing else

• Moisture and thermal barrier comes with glass

• Construction

  • First - steel beams

  • Second - curtain wall

  • Third- sheathing

  • Fourth - moisture barrier

  • Fifth - thermal barrier / insulation

38

• Felix Candela - designs concrete forms

  • How you make the support structure for concrete buildings is design in itself

• Tadao Ando - designs exposed cast in place concrete buildings for almost all of his designs

• Renzo Piano’s addition to the Kimbell Art Museum was concrete and steel

• Quality of concrete wall and concrete formwork is determined by the surface and material

  • Has a strong relationship with the look of the building

• “Never let the ground go untouched” 

  • Carlo Scarpa designed the ground for the Brion Family Tomb

• Steven Holl Chapel - “bottles of light” constructed with tilt up concrete

  • Similar to Corbusier’s Ronchamp

• Conventional tilt-up concrete - economical

• Concrete Walls and Formwork: there is a reciprocal relationship between the quality and craft of the 

formwork and the quality of the concrete

Concrete needs steel to perform in the ways we imagine 

Hierarchies of elements  in concrete assemblies 

Buildings are assemblies, always

Prestressing in concrete is achieved through either pretensioning or posttensioning