AQA Psychology A-level: Social Influence Summary
- Conformity: Yielding to group pressures; a change in behavior/opinion due to real/implied pressure.
- Kelman's Types of Conformity:
- Internalization: Permanent adoption of group beliefs/values (e.g., religious beliefs).
- Identification: Temporary change in behavior in group presence (e.g., professional demeanor at work).
- Compliance: Public agreement while privately disagreeing; often GAINS approval or avoids disapproval (e.g., drinking due to peer pressure).
- Informational Social Influence (ISI): Conforming to be correct in uncertain situations; leads to internalization.
- Evidence: Fein et al. study where participants changed votes under social influence.
- Normative Social Influence (NSI): Conforming to be liked/accepted; often occurs in social situations to avoid embarrassment.
- Evidence: Bullying behavior linked to NSI (e.g., Garandeau and Cillissen study).
- Asch's Study:
- Participants: 123 male undergraduates.
- Aim: Investigate conformity and majority influence.
- Findings: 36.8% conformed; control group had only 1% incorrect responses.
- Size of Majority: More likely to conform in larger groups (more than 3 increases conformity).
- Unanimity: Conformity decreases with differing answers in the group (from 32% to 5.5% when given support).
- Task Difficulty: Harder tasks increase conformity as participants look for confirmation.
- Aim: Investigate conformity to social roles in a simulated prison.
- Findings: Rapid adoption of roles; guards displayed abusive behavior, prisoners became submissive.
Explanations for Obedience
- Agentic State: Feeling of acting on behalf of an authority, thus avoiding personal responsibility.
- Legitimacy of Authority: Obeying credible figures, demonstrated in Milgram's study with perceived expert authority.
- Situational Factors: Includes the authority figure's appearance and the experimental location.
Milgram's Study on Obedience
- Aim: Evaluate obedience to harmful authority.
- Findings:
- 65% of participants administered lethal shocks; high obedience in prestigious settings was noted.
- Factors:
- Proximity and uniform increased obedience levels.
Dispositional Explanations for Obedience: Authoritarian Personality
- Characterized by strict adherence to authority and stereotypical views, measured via the F-scale.
- Critique: F-scale lacks validity, does not account for left-wing authoritarianism.
Resistance to Social Influence
- Social Support: Presence of dissenting confederates reduces conformity (e.g., Asch's findings).
- Locus of Control: Internal locus leads to less conformity; external locus increases susceptibility.
Minority Influence
- Moscovici's Study: Consistency in minority opinions increases influence.
- Findings: 8% of participants conformed to minority views when consistent.
- Importance of consistency, commitment, and flexibility in enacting social change.
Role of Social Influence in Social Change
- Strategies: Utilization of minority influence and social support can shift societal norms.
- Example: Racial and social norms evolving from moral campaign efforts.