AP World History Modern Notes
Europeans Dominate Global Trade
Europeans established trading ports in Africa and the Indian Ocean.
They dominated global trade, displacing Arab, Indian, and Chinese merchants.
European monarchs used mercantilist policies for steady income.
The Enlightenment
Intellectual movement in Europe (17th-19th centuries).
Olympe de Gouges: "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen".
Mary Wollstonecraft: Advocated for equal education for females.
Seneca Falls Convention (1845): Promoted women’s rights.
UK women get the right to vote in 1928.
Rise of Zionism
Desire for Jews to reestablish a homeland in the Middle East.
Response to anti-Semitism and pogroms in Europe.
The French Revolution
Slogan: liberté, égalité, et fraternité (liberty, equality, and fraternity).
Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789).
Reign of Terror: Executions of revolution opponents.
Napoleon Bonaparte becomes emperor in 1804.
The Haitian Revolution
Toussaint L’Ouverture led a rebellion against slavery.
Established an independent government.
1801 Constitution: Granted equality and citizenship to all residents.
Nationalism and Unification in Europe
Italian Unification: Led by Count di Cavour.
German Unification: Otto von Bismarck used nationalist feelings and wars.
1871: Bismarck founds the new German Empire.
UNIT 6
Industrial Revolution Begins
Spinning jenny: Invented by James Hargreaves in the 1760s.
Water frame: Patented by Richard Arkwright in 1769.
Interchangeable parts: Eli Whitney's system in 1798 led to the division of labor.
Spread of Industrialization
Delayed in France due to revolution.
Germany unified in 1871, became a steel and coal producer.
The U.S. industrialized in the 19th century.
Japan was the first Asian country to industrialize.
Shifts in Manufacturing
British policies harmed Indian shipbuilding and metal industries.
British East India Company controlled parts of India (1757-1858).
British tariffs hurt India's metalworking.
Taxes on Indian textiles undermined British textile mills.
Technology of the Industrial Age
Second Industrial Revolution: Steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics.
Bessemer Process: Mass production of steel.
Commercial oil wells: Mid-1800s.
First public power station: London, 1882.
Telephone: Patented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.
Railroads: Facilitated U.S. industrial growth.
Colonies: Established to protect access to resources and markets.
Industrialization: Government’s Role
Muhammad Ali: Industrialized in Egypt.
Meiji Restoration: Japan abolished feudalism, established a constitutional monarchy, and subsidized industrialization.
Economic Developments and Innovations
Corporations: Formed to minimize risk.
Monopolies: John D. Rockefeller in the oil industry.
Insurance: Lloyd’s of London.
Mass culture: Consumerism and leisure developed.
Rationales for Imperialism
Nationalist Motives: Britain, France, Italy, Germany, Japan sought colonies for prestige and resources.
Cultural and Religious Motives: Racism, Social Darwinism, missionaries.
Economic Motives: Maximize profits, trading posts.
State Expansions
Scramble for Africa: Berlin Conference, Boer Wars.
Imperialism in East Asia: Spheres of influence in China; Boxer Rebellion.
U.S. Imperialism: Monroe Doctrine, Roosevelt Corollary.
Indigenous Responses to State Expansion
Resistance in the Americas: Proclamation of 1763, Indian Removal Act, Ghost Dance.
Southeast Asian Resistance: Philippine Revolution, Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War.
Global Economic Developments
Railroads lowered transport costs.
Cash crops replaced subsistence farming.
Demand for raw materials: Guano, cotton, rubber, palm oil, ivory.
Economic Imperialism
English and Dutch East India Companies.
Dutch Culture System: Forced farmers to grow cash crops.
Opium Wars: Britain gained trading privileges in China.
Spheres of Influence: Exclusive trading rights in China.
Causes of Migration
Labor Systems: Indentured laborers from India, China, and Japan.
Challenges: Poverty, diaspora, religious discrimination.
Effects of Migration
Ethnic enclaves formed in major cities.
Prejudice and Regulation: Discrimination against Chinese in California.
Shifting Powers After 1900
Revolution in Russia: Bolsheviks under Lenin seized power.
Upheaval in China: Qing Dynasty weakened, leading the rise of the CCP.
Power Shifts in Mexico: Mexican Revolution, PRI formed in 1929.
Causes of World War I
MANIA: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism, Assassination.
Conducting World War I
Trench warfare, poison gas, machine guns, submarines, tanks.
U.S. enters war after Lusitania sinking and Zimmerman Telegram.
Total war: Mobilization of domestic population and resources.
Propaganda.
Paris Peace Conference
Big Four: Wilson, Lloyd George, Clemenceau, Orlando.
Treaty of Versailles: Harsh terms for Germany.
Economies in the Interwar Period
Great Depression: Agricultural overproduction, U.S. stock market crash.
New Deal: Relief, recovery, reform.
Political Revolutions in Russia: New Economic Plan, Stalin’s Five-Year Plan.
Rise of Right-Wing Governments: Mussolini in Italy, Franco in Spain.
Unresolved Tensions After World War I
Increased hopes for independence in South Asia and West Africa.
Mandate system.
Anti-colonialism: Gandhi's Satyagraha movement.
Nationalism in East Asia: May Fourth Movement in China.
Causes of World War II
Aggression by Axis powers.
Conducting World War II
Germany’s blitzkrieg strategy.
Lend-Lease Act.
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (December 7, 1941).
Home fronts: Mobilization, Rosie the Riveter.
Victory: Hitler's suicide, atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Setting the Stage for the Cold War and Decolonization
Big Three: Meetings to plan the post-war world.
Shifting Balance of Power: Devastation in Europe and Asia, rise of the U.S.
The Cold War
Communism spreads in China.
Land Reform
Latin America, Asia, and Africa seek to redistribute land after colonialism.
Decolonization After 1900
Ghana and Algeria gain independence.
Nationalism and Division in Vietnam/war until 1954
Ho Chi Minh appealed to nationalist feelings to unite the country under a single communist government
Struggles and Compromise in Egypt/ treaty rights there that they had held under their mandate following World War I
Newly Independent States
Israel's Founding and its Relationships with Neighbors: the Zionist movement originated in the 1890
Women Gain Power in South Asia: In India and Pakistan, women won the right to vote in 1947.
End of the Cold War
Nonviolent Resistance as a Path to Change: The civil rights movement used various tactics to achieve its goals
1968: The Year of Revolt: Yugoslavia students marched against the authoritarian government
an age of terrorism.
Advances in Technology and Exchange After 1900
The Green Revolution: Scientists developed new varieties of wheat, rice, and other gains that had higher yields and greater resistance to pests, diseases, and drought.
Energy Technologies
Coal, petroleum, and natural gas, are nonrenewable resources.
Medical Innovations
antibiotics for bacterial infections.
Technological Advances and Limitations After 1900: Disease
Progress in science and medicine, combined with government-run public health measures, drastically reduced illnesses and deaths from diseases after 1900
Technological Advances: Debates About the Environment After 1900
Environmental issues included: Deforestation, Desertification, and a Decline in air quality as a result of increased pollutants in the air
Economics in the Global Age
India and other countries that had been non-aligned during the Cold War relaxed restrictions on trade in the l990s. This opening up of a country’s economy is called economic liberalization.
Transnational Free-Trade Organizations
Many countries signed an international accord, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which lifted restrictive barriers to trade.
Calls for Reform and Responses After 1900
Steps toward Racial Equality: through the 1965 Civil Rights Act
Steps toward Gender Equality: A “international bill of rights for women" adopted by United Nations
Globalized Culture After 1900
Cultural barriers fell, bringing countries closer together. Nations formed cooperative regional organizations such as the European Union and NAFTA
Resisting Globalization After 1900
Working conditions in Western nations could also be harsh.
Anti-Globalism
The anti-globalization movement has grown into a social movement
human rights.