The Renaissance and the Reformation
The Renaissance was a cultural and intelligence movement (campaign change) that was started in Italy then spread throughout Europe between 14th and 17th century
”Renaissance” means “revival” or “rebirth”
Renaissance refers to the revival of the ancient Greco-Roman civilization.
During this period,European innovated the classical civilization which laid the foundations for development of modern civilization.
Renaissance was the translational period from Medieval Times to Modern Times.
Revival of the ancient Greco-Roman civilization
European studied and applied the Greco-Roman theories and art style to their works
Emphasizing humanism
Europeans were no longer God-Center but were more concerned with world affairs and regarded human as the centre of the universe, the human-centred idea was called “humanism” that thought human should develop their capacity of attain excellence
(The father of Humanism was a Italian literary writer called Petrarch who was the first person to express humanism)
Decline of feudal society
the feudal society declined during late Medieval Times because many peasants left their manors and lived in town.they became freeman and had greater freedom and and more time for art and learning
This environment help bring about the Renaissance
Spread of Eastern Knowledge
Arab scholars in Medieval Times had a good knowledge of mathematic, science medicine and astronomy and a more advanced civilization compared to Euopeans’
And because of the Crusade European Christians started between 11th century and 13th century againist Muslims—
It encouraged the exchange of knowledge between Europe and the Arab world
And the studies from the Arab and legacies about the ancient civilizations revived the Europeans’ interest in ancient Greco-Roman art and learning
Rise of wealthy city-state and class
From the 11th century onward, port and towns developed rapidly since Crusade.Many Italy city-state ( a city with its own government) turned into major trading centres between Europe and Asia
And many wealthy merchants and bankers emerged in Europe and they were concerned with worldly life while having the money to support art and science.
This situation helped the development of the Renaissance
Rise of universities
Before the Renaissance, education was controlled by the Church and the scholars could only be able to study subject around religion such as Biblical teachings.
However, since 12th century, universities were built by wealthy merchants or government as they started emerged in Europe towns and the European scholars could finally be able to study other subjects such as medicine, law and philosophy in a free environment.
The universities also kept books related to the ancient Greco-Roman civilizations which encouraged people to find out more about it
This broadened the scholars’ horizons
Decline of the Church’s (Roman Catholic) influence
Since the development of the universities,European started questioning the teachings of the Church instead of following it blindly.
This weakened the influence of the Church on people’s minds.
And also the failure of Crusades damaged the prestige of the Church.Some European ruler started to defy the Pope openly and refused to pay taxes
It declined the political influence of the Church constantly.
During the 13th century, the Medici family in Florence obtained a lot of wealth from trade and banking. It was a very powerful family between 13th and 17th century.
The Medici family loved and supported art and culture.This promoted the development of the Renaissance.For example.
Cosimo Medici subsidised the build of Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore
Lorenzo Medici (the grandson of Cosimo Medici) bought a lots Ancient Greek&Latin classic
The Renaissance started on the Italian Peninsula then spread to the other part of Europe
Italian Peninsula was also the birthplace of ancient Roman civilization, therefore it provided a lot valuable ancient Roman legacies. Also, the peninsula had many wealthy city-states which support the work of artist and scholars.
Before the Renaissance literary works were mostly relate in religion (biographies of saints, prayers and hymns) and written in Latin
During the Renaissance, the writers were influenced by humanism. And they made use of ancient Greco-Roman literary skills and wrote about worldly people, affairs and things. Many writer started to write with their native language
Result in literature became popular
the representative of poem
Divine Comedy
Pointed out social inequality
The representative of novels
Decameron
Mainly wrote realistic novel
The representative of plays ( a playwright)
A midsummer Night’s Dream, Romeo and Juliet and The Merchant of Venice
Focus on humanity
painting
Medieval painting were mainly about religion and not realistic
Renaissance painting had diverse theme and more three-dimensional and realistic because of the new techniques were used (perspective and shadowing)
The master artist (Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael):
Leonardo da Vinci
Drew the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper, used perspective, light and shadowing too well that his drawing were lifelike
Michelangelo
Painted scene from the Bible on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and the Last Judgement on the wall of the chapel ; good at showing detailed body movement
Raphael
Painted the School of Athens ; the works are mainly about Christianity and the paint are famous for their harmony, joy and gracefulness
Sculptures
Before Renaissance:Religion was the main theme, non-realistic
During Renaissance:Humanism was the main theme, realism—use of lighting, shadow to create lifelike figures, body movements and facial expressions
Architecture
The building in the early Medieval time were mainly built in the Gothic style:
—Tall pointed tower (Christian believed that it brought them closer to God)
—pointed arches
—flying buttress
—stained glass
The building during the Renaissance were mainly built in Greco-Roman architecture style:
—Stone pillars
—pediments
—semi-circular arches
—a dome
Because Renaissance architects thought that buildings should be proportional, harmonious and rational which mirrored the beauty of human
The Church translate many classics of Ancient Greece to explain the universe:
Geocentrism from Aristotle, claimed that diseases were God’s punishment and forbidden dissection of the “sacred” human body
Renaissance scholars carried out experiments to discover the real cause of disease:
Fracastoro—diseases were spread by bacteria
Vesalius—dissected dead human bodies; described in detail the human skeleton, organ and muscle in his book.
Copernicus—heliocentrism
Galileo—made telescope and proved heliocentrism
Europeans revived the ancient Greco-Roman civilization /made great achievement In various area. European civilization developed rapidly.
Europeans started to train talented “Renaissance man” instead of clergy because of Renaissance.Therefore people started to go to non-church school to learn worldly knowledge.
The Renaissance freed the minds of Europeans and they were no longer obeyed traditional blindly and started to value rational thinking and spirit of exploration.Which led to the Reformation, the Voyages of Discovery, the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment.
The reformation was a religious movement in European between 16th and 17th centuries
It including the split of the Christian Church and the reform of the Roman Catholic Church
During the Renaissance, Christians found mistake in the Latin Bible and the Church had misinterpreted some Christian doctrines.
Dutch theologian Erasmus published the original Greek vision of the New Testament in 1516.
And Martin Luther found out more mistake that was made by the Church
During late Medieval Times, strong kings emerged and were discontented with the Church to regain their power
The Church became corrupt; ran casinos and sold indulgences and claiming that indulgences could reduce the suffering of the purchaser (and their relative) in purgatory.
This became the spark that set off the Reformation.
Martin Luther
Started the Protestant Church
The Church sold massive indulgences to raise money to build ST. Peter’s Basilica
German priest Martin Luther posted the Ninety-Five These in October 1517
he criticized the corruption of the Church and raised the issue of indulgence for discussion
In 1521, Martin Luther was excommunicated from the Church. However, German nobles and people support him.Then, he set up a new sect “Lutheranism”
Then, more new sect were established including Calvinism and Anglican Church.
Some Europeans even withdrew from the Roman Catholic Church just to made Protestantism their official religions.
Ruler who still followed the Church were granted more rights to autonomy in religious affairs;
The Church also banned the sale of indulgences.
The reformation spilt Christianity into the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant Church.
And religious differences led to political instability and even military conflicts in Europe
—Thirty Years’ War (Regarded as the first Great War in modern Europe)
—Political aspect: many ruler separated religion from political and establish absolute rule
—Economic aspect: Since the spread of Protestantism and humanism, the followers were encouraged glorify God by working
—Intellectual and social aspect: Protestantism advocated religious tolerance and freedom and these sowed the ideological seeds of liberty and democracy in modern Europe
The Renaissance was a cultural and intelligence movement (campaign change) that was started in Italy then spread throughout Europe between 14th and 17th century
”Renaissance” means “revival” or “rebirth”
Renaissance refers to the revival of the ancient Greco-Roman civilization.
During this period,European innovated the classical civilization which laid the foundations for development of modern civilization.
Renaissance was the translational period from Medieval Times to Modern Times.
Revival of the ancient Greco-Roman civilization
European studied and applied the Greco-Roman theories and art style to their works
Emphasizing humanism
Europeans were no longer God-Center but were more concerned with world affairs and regarded human as the centre of the universe, the human-centred idea was called “humanism” that thought human should develop their capacity of attain excellence
(The father of Humanism was a Italian literary writer called Petrarch who was the first person to express humanism)
Decline of feudal society
the feudal society declined during late Medieval Times because many peasants left their manors and lived in town.they became freeman and had greater freedom and and more time for art and learning
This environment help bring about the Renaissance
Spread of Eastern Knowledge
Arab scholars in Medieval Times had a good knowledge of mathematic, science medicine and astronomy and a more advanced civilization compared to Euopeans’
And because of the Crusade European Christians started between 11th century and 13th century againist Muslims—
It encouraged the exchange of knowledge between Europe and the Arab world
And the studies from the Arab and legacies about the ancient civilizations revived the Europeans’ interest in ancient Greco-Roman art and learning
Rise of wealthy city-state and class
From the 11th century onward, port and towns developed rapidly since Crusade.Many Italy city-state ( a city with its own government) turned into major trading centres between Europe and Asia
And many wealthy merchants and bankers emerged in Europe and they were concerned with worldly life while having the money to support art and science.
This situation helped the development of the Renaissance
Rise of universities
Before the Renaissance, education was controlled by the Church and the scholars could only be able to study subject around religion such as Biblical teachings.
However, since 12th century, universities were built by wealthy merchants or government as they started emerged in Europe towns and the European scholars could finally be able to study other subjects such as medicine, law and philosophy in a free environment.
The universities also kept books related to the ancient Greco-Roman civilizations which encouraged people to find out more about it
This broadened the scholars’ horizons
Decline of the Church’s (Roman Catholic) influence
Since the development of the universities,European started questioning the teachings of the Church instead of following it blindly.
This weakened the influence of the Church on people’s minds.
And also the failure of Crusades damaged the prestige of the Church.Some European ruler started to defy the Pope openly and refused to pay taxes
It declined the political influence of the Church constantly.
During the 13th century, the Medici family in Florence obtained a lot of wealth from trade and banking. It was a very powerful family between 13th and 17th century.
The Medici family loved and supported art and culture.This promoted the development of the Renaissance.For example.
Cosimo Medici subsidised the build of Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore
Lorenzo Medici (the grandson of Cosimo Medici) bought a lots Ancient Greek&Latin classic
The Renaissance started on the Italian Peninsula then spread to the other part of Europe
Italian Peninsula was also the birthplace of ancient Roman civilization, therefore it provided a lot valuable ancient Roman legacies. Also, the peninsula had many wealthy city-states which support the work of artist and scholars.
Before the Renaissance literary works were mostly relate in religion (biographies of saints, prayers and hymns) and written in Latin
During the Renaissance, the writers were influenced by humanism. And they made use of ancient Greco-Roman literary skills and wrote about worldly people, affairs and things. Many writer started to write with their native language
Result in literature became popular
the representative of poem
Divine Comedy
Pointed out social inequality
The representative of novels
Decameron
Mainly wrote realistic novel
The representative of plays ( a playwright)
A midsummer Night’s Dream, Romeo and Juliet and The Merchant of Venice
Focus on humanity
painting
Medieval painting were mainly about religion and not realistic
Renaissance painting had diverse theme and more three-dimensional and realistic because of the new techniques were used (perspective and shadowing)
The master artist (Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael):
Leonardo da Vinci
Drew the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper, used perspective, light and shadowing too well that his drawing were lifelike
Michelangelo
Painted scene from the Bible on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and the Last Judgement on the wall of the chapel ; good at showing detailed body movement
Raphael
Painted the School of Athens ; the works are mainly about Christianity and the paint are famous for their harmony, joy and gracefulness
Sculptures
Before Renaissance:Religion was the main theme, non-realistic
During Renaissance:Humanism was the main theme, realism—use of lighting, shadow to create lifelike figures, body movements and facial expressions
Architecture
The building in the early Medieval time were mainly built in the Gothic style:
—Tall pointed tower (Christian believed that it brought them closer to God)
—pointed arches
—flying buttress
—stained glass
The building during the Renaissance were mainly built in Greco-Roman architecture style:
—Stone pillars
—pediments
—semi-circular arches
—a dome
Because Renaissance architects thought that buildings should be proportional, harmonious and rational which mirrored the beauty of human
The Church translate many classics of Ancient Greece to explain the universe:
Geocentrism from Aristotle, claimed that diseases were God’s punishment and forbidden dissection of the “sacred” human body
Renaissance scholars carried out experiments to discover the real cause of disease:
Fracastoro—diseases were spread by bacteria
Vesalius—dissected dead human bodies; described in detail the human skeleton, organ and muscle in his book.
Copernicus—heliocentrism
Galileo—made telescope and proved heliocentrism
Europeans revived the ancient Greco-Roman civilization /made great achievement In various area. European civilization developed rapidly.
Europeans started to train talented “Renaissance man” instead of clergy because of Renaissance.Therefore people started to go to non-church school to learn worldly knowledge.
The Renaissance freed the minds of Europeans and they were no longer obeyed traditional blindly and started to value rational thinking and spirit of exploration.Which led to the Reformation, the Voyages of Discovery, the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment.
The reformation was a religious movement in European between 16th and 17th centuries
It including the split of the Christian Church and the reform of the Roman Catholic Church
During the Renaissance, Christians found mistake in the Latin Bible and the Church had misinterpreted some Christian doctrines.
Dutch theologian Erasmus published the original Greek vision of the New Testament in 1516.
And Martin Luther found out more mistake that was made by the Church
During late Medieval Times, strong kings emerged and were discontented with the Church to regain their power
The Church became corrupt; ran casinos and sold indulgences and claiming that indulgences could reduce the suffering of the purchaser (and their relative) in purgatory.
This became the spark that set off the Reformation.
Martin Luther
Started the Protestant Church
The Church sold massive indulgences to raise money to build ST. Peter’s Basilica
German priest Martin Luther posted the Ninety-Five These in October 1517
he criticized the corruption of the Church and raised the issue of indulgence for discussion
In 1521, Martin Luther was excommunicated from the Church. However, German nobles and people support him.Then, he set up a new sect “Lutheranism”
Then, more new sect were established including Calvinism and Anglican Church.
Some Europeans even withdrew from the Roman Catholic Church just to made Protestantism their official religions.
Ruler who still followed the Church were granted more rights to autonomy in religious affairs;
The Church also banned the sale of indulgences.
The reformation spilt Christianity into the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant Church.
And religious differences led to political instability and even military conflicts in Europe
—Thirty Years’ War (Regarded as the first Great War in modern Europe)
—Political aspect: many ruler separated religion from political and establish absolute rule
—Economic aspect: Since the spread of Protestantism and humanism, the followers were encouraged glorify God by working
—Intellectual and social aspect: Protestantism advocated religious tolerance and freedom and these sowed the ideological seeds of liberty and democracy in modern Europe
