World Retake

  1. Iconoclasm - the social belief in the importance of the destruction of icons and other images or monuments, most frequently for religious or political reasons / the struggles between proponents and opponents of religious icons in the Byzantine Empire from 726 to 842 AD

  2. Carolingian Empire - Frankish dominated Empire that served as a precursor to the Holy Roman Empire / When Frankish King Charlemagne became Holy Roman Emperor transition began

  3. Charlemagne - Very powerful King, promoted education, started Carolingian Renaissance where he expands the arts, education, language (focus on latin) and reestablished Roman forms of gov., economic and political reforms that served as a basis for feudalism, set up an imperial bureaucracy, he gives his people a lot of land in exchange for loyalty, unifies western europe

  4. Magyars - Nomadic peoples that are difficult to deal with, settle in Hungary

  5. Vikings - Scourge of Western Europe, don’t care about religion or the Roman Catholic Church, kill the priests, steal gold, etc. / They take women back with them but these women are Catholic and have Catholic babies and essentially convert the Vikings so they stop invading so much / Climate change also stops Viking invasions as they can farm their own land when it becomes warmer

  6. Feudalism - Political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service / power held by monarchs and elite landowning lords / Vassals and Knights swore allegiance to greater lords and kings

  7. Peasants - bottom tier of society with Serfs, but they have more freedom and have some money to pay rent for the land they live on

  8. Serfs - bottom tier of society, have no freedom and are tied to the land they live on, seen as subhuman

  9. Vassals - just under nobles and same tier as Knights, they own land and have money

  10.  European v. Japanese feudalism -

    1. Merchants above peasants in European feudalism, but in Japanese feudalism they make up the bottom tier of society

  11. Fief - a plot of land given on terms of feudal service

  12. Nobility - Lords, ladies, and knights with complete authority over their fief / ladies had few to no rights could not be witness in court, own land, control money, essentially just seen as birth givers and care takers / Women often became nuns to receive some freedoms

  13. Knights - Boys turn into a page at 7, they are sent away to become a servant to a knight / become a squire by age 15 / prove yourself in battle and become a knight / behavior dictated by code of chivalry

  14. Manorialism - Peasants lived on and worked the lord's land in exchange for protection / most peasants were serfs and tied to the land

  15. Three-field crop rotation - two plots would be farmed while one is left alone for a season so it can regain its nutrients / so effective the population grows significantly and later population growth results in a famine when food production becomes insufficient making the spread of the black death faster

  16. Top-down strategy - Church leaders go directly to rulers and kings to force convert their subjects / many kings and lords chose to convert because they liked the connection to the roman empire

  17. The Seven Sacraments - You must complete the seven sacraments to get into heaven / church controls all parts of your life, baptism at birth and extreme unction where you are blessed when in danger of death, inbetween there is confirmation, eucharist, penance, etc. that demand full devotion to the church

  18. Church Authority - Catholic Church had a lot of land gifted to the Pope and the Pope sent bishops and archbishops to all kingdoms

  19.  The Investiture Conflict - King Henry IV thought he was more powerful than the Pope and tried to pick the Archbishop and Bishops, the Pope responded by preventing his people from doing the sacraments and participating in church life which made people very upset / Compromise was that the church can select its officials and rulers retain an informal and symbolic role in the process

  20. Monasticism - Beliefs and practices of monasteries / monasteries become corrupt over time

  21. Benedictine Rule - rules that monks and nuns lived by

  22. Hildegard von Bingen - German Benedictine Abbess / Writer, composer, philosopher, mystic, visionary, medical writer and practioner / doctor of the church / she was a woman who said she was a lowly woman who didn’t know what she was talking about which is why she was accepted by men well / she was highly intelligent / She had highly feminine visions that went against patriarchal values of the church and it is significant because it allowed for greater representation and identity for women in the church / She was a physician also and ran the herbal gardens and had an infirmary

  23. Invasions - Viking, Muslim, and Magyar invasions stopped by the year 1000

  24. Trade Fairs - People from far away come to sell and trade goods that are not produced at manors

  25. Growth of Banking - Lending money was not allowed in Christianity due to high interest rates that the bible outlaws / bankers were overwhelmingly Jewish because they were allowed to until the Pope changes the bible to allow Christians to lend money

  26. Growth of towns and cities - super dirty and built for walking, disease spread very easily

  27. Black Death - killed ⅓ of the population

  28. Crusades - series of 9 holy wars that aim to recapture the holy land and spread Christianity / lasted several centuries / authorized by the Pope / Participants received loot from war / Crusaders were very violent / relatively unsuccessful but increased power of the Popes / Contact with the Islamic world gave Europeans a demand for Asian goods, scientific advancement, Muslim scholarship / Created a heightened interest in travel and learning throughout Europe that increased demand for supplies