Disaster Risk Management Notes: Philippines NDRRMP 2020–2030 (Comprehensive Summary)

Context and overview

• Course focus: basic principles of disaster risk management (DRM), understanding risk and natural hazards through disaster risk assessment, approaches to disaster risk reduction (DRR), damage and loss assessment, post-disaster needs, mainstreaming DRR in development planning, and cross-cutting issues in DRRM. Students will conduct a disaster risk assessment and propose measures for applying DRRM approaches. (Source: Transcript pages 2, 31-33)
• Broad scope covered in the material: DRRM concepts, national policy framework (NDRRMP 2020–2030), application to engineering and development planning, and connections to global frameworks (SFDRR, Paris Agreement, SDGs, NCCAP, PDP). (Source: Transcript pages 2, 91-93, 94-95, 96-97)
• Real-world relevance emphasized through Philippine context: numerous references to disaster events, damages, and policy responses (e.g., Yolanda, Ompong, Ulysses, Paeng; NDRRMP implementation and localization). (Source: Transcript pages 5-7, 11-13, 89-99, 101-114, 115-120)

Key data, trends, and figures (Philippines context)

• Why study DRM: understanding rising risk, vulnerability, and exposure due to climate variability and urban development (Introductory slides). (Source: Page 4)
• Occurrence data (Nature of extremes): trends show annual counts of natural extreme events across categories (Meteorological, Hydrological, Geophysical, Biological, Climatological). Data source: Office of Civil Defense. Timeframe shown: 2012–2022. (Source: Page 5)
• Damaged housing from natural extreme events: chart shows numbers of partially and totally damaged houses from 2012–2022. (Source: Page 6)
• Technological disasters: number and categories (Fire, Land, Armed, Water-Related, etc.) with yearly breakdown 2012–2022. (Source: Page 7)
• Hazard susceptibility maps: MGB flood and landslide susceptibility ratings with legend (Very High, High, Moderate, Low, None) for multiple locations (Bandar Seri Begawan, Sandakan, etc.); indicates the importance of hazard mapping and risk zoning. (Source: Page 8-10)
• Typhoon events and damages: slide lists Typhoon PETE and other notable storms; helps connect hazard exposure to policy focus. (Source: Page 11)
• Major Philippine typhoons and their damages: Yolanda (2013), Odette (2021), Pablo (2012), Glenda (2014), Ompong (2018), Pepeng (2009), Ulysses (2020), Rolly (2020), Paeng (2022). Bar chart shows values of damages in billions PHP; highlights the economic toll of major disasters. (Source: Page 12)
• Disaster management themes: Early Warning Systems, Infrastructure Resilience, Community Education, Evacuation Plans, Post-Disaster Recovery. (Source: Page 13)
• Volcano context: active and potentially active volcanoes, active fault lines, trenches; PHIVOLCS and DOST-led monitoring; hazard mapping for volcanic risk in the Philippines. (Source: Page 14-17)
• DRRM topics by hazard type: Earthquake, Volcanic Eruption, Flood, Landslide, Tsunami, Drought, Infectious Diseases are covered; indicates a comprehensive all-hazards approach. (Source: Page 19-29)
• Importance of DRRM terms and lifecycle: Hazard, Vulnerability, Capacity, Risk; Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness, Early Warning, Rehabilitation, Reconstruction, Recovery; Risk is a function of hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and capacity. (Source: Pages 37-45, 81-82)
• Formal DRRM framework: RA 10121 2010 (Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act) drives the policy; NDRRMF and NDRRMP operationalize RA 10121. Sunset Review, technical inputs, and international alignment are part of the process. (Source: Pages 31-33, 88-91)

Core concepts and definitions

• Hazard: a potential event or phenomenon that could cause harm, damage, or loss. (Source: Page 38)
• Vulnerability: susceptibility of a community or system to the impacts of a hazard. (Source: Page 39)
• Capacity: the ability of a community or system to respond to, cope with, and recover from disasters. (Source: Page 40)
• Risk: likelihood of a hazard causing damage, influenced by hazard, vulnerability, and capacity; risk is a function of multiple interacting factors. (Source: Page 41)
• All-hazards framing: DRM should consider current, emerging, cascading, and complex hazards; COVID-19 highlighted gaps in all-hazards approaches. (Source: Page 93)
• Prevention: actions taken to avoid or minimize occurrence of disasters. (Source: Page 42)
• Mitigation: measures to reduce the severity or impact of a disaster. (Source: Page 43)
• Preparedness: activities and measures implemented in advance to ensure effective response. (Source: Page 44)
• Early Warning: systems that provide timely and accurate information about impending hazards. (Source: Page 45)
• Rehabilitation: restore normalcy through rebuilding and recovery after disasters. (Source: Page 46)
• Reconstruction: rebuilding of infrastructure and services after disaster. (Source: Page 47)
• Recovery: process of returning a community to normal or improved conditions post-disaster. (Source: Page 48)
• Disaster risk reduction (DRR) and management (DRM) policy aim: reduce and manage risks, build resilience, and apply risk-informed development. (Source: Page 33)
• The four thematic pillars of the Philippines’ National DRRM Plan: Disaster Prevention and Mitigation; Disaster Preparedness; Disaster Response and Early Recovery; Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery. Lead agencies: DOST (P&M), DILG (Preparedness), DSWD (Response and Early Recovery), NEDA (Rehabilitation and Recovery). (Source: Pages 72-76, 126-135)
• The SFDRR and other global policy anchors: four priority areas for action; seven global targets; alignment with Paris Agreement, SDGs, IHR, NCCAP, PDP, and regional frameworks (AADMER, ASEAN). (Source: Pages 91-95)

The Disaster Crunch Model and related concepts

• Disaster Crunch Model (Dr. Jove Revocal): Disasters occur when hazards impact a vulnerable population; disasters are not random but result from hazard exposure of vulnerable groups. Diagrammatic idea: Hazard + Vulnerability combine to squeeze a population into a disaster. (Source: Page 51-52)
• Key components of vulnerability and capacity: Capacities at community, family, and individual levels reduce pressure; dynamic pressures (structures and processes) influence vulnerabilities and capacities; underlying causes are political, economic, cultural, and environmental factors. (Source: Page 53-56)
• Underlying causes categories (politics, economics, culture/beliefs, natural environment) shape vulnerability and risk. (Source: Page 56)
• Dynamic pressures and structures: traditional leadership, religious groups, government departments, businesses, powerful individuals; processes can be positive or negative. (Source: Page 54)
• The “Pressure Release Model”: reversing the arrow directions in the Disaster Crunch Model to reduce disaster risk; actions include hazard reduction, reduced hazard impact, reduced vulnerability, stronger capacities, improved structures and reform of processes. (Source: Page 58-59)
• Practical actions to implement the Pressure Release Model: hazard reduction, hazard impact reduction, vulnerability reduction, capacity strengthening, structural improvements, governance reforms; requires multi-level action (local, national, international). (Source: Page 59)
• Implication: changing risk dynamics requires governance, investment in data, capacity building, and cross-sector collaboration. (Source: Page 59-60)

The National DRRM Plan (NDRRMP) 2020–2030: structure, intent, and strategic direction

• Legal basis and updates: RA 10121 (Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act, 2010) mandates the DRRM framework; Sunset Review in 2014; updates to align with SFDRR and other global agendas. The plan emphasizes addressing underlying causes and building capacity for resilience. (Source: Pages 89-91)
• Guiding principles: enhanced DRRM principles (10 listed), alignment with sustainable development, human rights, linkages with DRRM and climate change adaptation (CCA), all-hazards approach, inclusivity, local expression of risk, evidence-based vulnerability reduction, robust risk governance, community-based DRRM, and multi-stakeholder partnerships. (Source: Page 91-92)
• All-hazards framing and resilience: COVID-19 highlighted gaps; resilience framing harmonizes DRRM, CCA, and human security; building back better and transformative actions are central. (Source: Page 93-94)
• Global/regional/national policy alignment: SFDRR four priority areas; seven global targets; Paris Agreement; SDGs; New Urban Agenda; IHR; regional plans like AMCDRR Asia Plan and ASEAN frameworks; alignment with PDP Ambisyon Natin 2040 and NCCAP. (Source: Pages 91-95, 95-96)
• Updated DRRM Framework and Plan (2020–2030): coherence and interoperability of DRRM and CCA; all-hazards integration; four thematic pillars; three KRAs (Disaster Risk Reduction, Preparedness and Response, Build Back Better); three key result areas wrap into the three KRAs; timebound phased rollout (short-term 2020–2022; medium-term 2023–2025; long-term 2026–2030). (Source: Pages 87-89, 121)
• Four thematic pillars and lead agencies (as per Annex):
  • Thematic Area I - Disaster Prevention and Mitigation: Lead Agency DOST; focus on risk information, early warning, risk financing, ecosystems, livelihoods resilience, and DRRM-CCA integration. (Pages 126-127)
  • Thematic Area II - Disaster Preparedness: Lead Agency DILG; focus on awareness, training, contingency planning, drills, and institutional readiness; strengthen LDRRMOs; include CDRAs; public service continuity. (Pages 145-147)
  • Thematic Area III - Disaster Response and Early Recovery: Lead Agency DSWD; focus on life preservation, needs assessment, SRR, evacuation management, relief logistics, psychosocial support, early recovery integration. (Pages 148-159)
  • Thematic Area IV - Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery: Lead Agency NEDA; focus on post-disaster needs assessment, reconstruction standards, rehabilitation planning, livelihoods restoration, and “build back better” with resilience integration. (Pages 170-173, 181-184)
• Implementation framework and monitoring: 9-step RBMES (Results-Based Monitoring and Evaluation System) for reporting progress from regional to national levels; regular monitoring with annual and consolidation reports; links to SFDRR monitoring. (Source: Pages 183-185)
• Localizing and regionalizing: Local DRRM Plans, cascading to LGUs; Annex 3 (localizing the plan) and guidance from UNDRR tools (Words into Action; Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities). (Source: Pages 182-183)
• Agency DRRM Action Plans and Thematic Pillar Plans: Annex 1 and Annex 2 templates; the Vice-Chairs lead the pillar plans; regional DRRM plans follow cascading orientation. (Source: Page 182)
• Financing and resource mobilization: DRRM Fund and LDRRMF; multi-year investment planning; prioritization of unfunded activities from NDRRMF; cross-cutting integration with climate, gender, tourism, social protection, youth, etc. (Source: Pages 185-186)
• Boxed materials:
  • Box 1 GeoRiskPH: multi-agency geospatial hazard and risk information platform (HazardHunterPH, GeoAnalyticsPH, FaultFinder). (Source: Page 103)
  • Box 2 Oplan Listo: DILG-driven LGU preparedness program including manuals, LISTO Teams, and youth engagement. (Source: Page 107)
  • Box 3 NDRRMP: summary of DRRM processes; (Source: Page 109)
  • Box 4 Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery Planning Guide: post-disaster recovery planning framework and templates (NEDA). (Source: Page 111)
• Annex: DRRM Actors per Thematic Pillar (Mapping of roles): a comprehensive matrix showing Vice-Chair, Implementing Agencies/Institutions/Organizations, and other agencies for each pillar. (Source: Annex 4, Pages 194-195)

Thematic pillars in detail and key outputs (summary of each pillar’s focus, outcomes, and indicators)

• Thematic Area I – Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
  • Lead agency: DOST; aims to understand risk via science and translate into policy, budgets, and risk-informed development.
  • Outcomes emphasize: improved risk information access, integrated risk management in policies and budgets, risk-informed infrastructure, ecosystem protection, disaster-resilient livelihoods, and risk financing mechanisms.
  • Indicators include: % of hazard and risk information updated; integrated information systems; presence of risk financing and insurance; resilience of infrastructure; and risk-informed planning across local levels. (Pages 126-128)
• Thematic Area II – Disaster Preparedness
  • Lead agency: DILG; focus on building awareness, skills, and institutional capacities; development of national and local DRRM policies and systems; multi-stakeholder collaboration.
  • Outcomes include: higher community awareness, capability to cope with hazards, DRRM capacity at LDRRM Councils, comprehensive preparedness policies, and strengthened partnerships.
  • Key outputs: training manuals (CDRA), simulation exercises, Listo program, school DRRM integration, youth engagement; number of functioning LDRRMCs, LDRRMO staffs; gender and disability-inclusive planning; partnership MOAs. (Pages 145-151)
• Thematic Area III – Disaster Response and Early Recovery
  • Lead agency: DSWD; aims to deliver life-preserving actions, timely evacuations, needs assessment, SRR, and early recovery systems.
  • Outcomes include: well-established response operations, safe evacuations, integrated needs assessments, SRR capacity, psychosocial support, and early recovery integration.
  • Key components: activation of Incident Command System (ICS); mass casualty and disaster relief logistics; PDNAs and rapid damage assessments; post-disaster humanitarian coordination; cash-for-work and other early recovery mechanisms. (Pages 148-161)
• Thematic Area IV – Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery
  • Lead agency: NEDA; focuses on rebuilding with Build Back Better (BBB), restoring livelihoods, housing, and critical infrastructures; post-disaster planning and long-term recovery.
  • Outcomes include: post-disaster policy directions; resilient housing and infrastructure; integrated social services; and BBB-aligned rehabilitation programs.
  • Key outputs: post-disaster needs assessment tools; rehabilitation and recovery planning guides; investment programming for BBB; multi-stakeholder partnerships; monitoring and evaluation of recovery programs. (Pages 170-177, 181-184)

Links to global and regional policy frameworks and national priorities

• SFDRR (Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030): Philippines aligns with four priority areas (understanding risk, governance, risk reduction for resilience, preparedness for effective response and BBB in recovery). SFDRR targets include mortality, affected people, direct economic loss as % of GDP, and increased national/local DRRM strategies; the Philippines maps its plan to meet these targets. (Pages 91-93, 92-93, 93-95)
• Paris Agreement: DRRM/CCA mainstreamed into development; mitigation and adaptation integrated with disaster risk governance; climate-resilient pathways. (Pages 93-95)
• United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and New Urban Agenda (NUA): DRRM aligns with poverty reduction, health, education, and sustainable urban development; emphasize inclusive and resilient cities and disaster risk-aware governance. (Pages 94-95)
• ASEAN and regional frameworks: ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER), Asia Regional Plan for Implementation of SFDRR; regional cooperation for risk transfer, response, and resilience. (Pages 95-96)
• National policy anchors: Ambisyon Natin 2040; Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2017–2022; NCCAP (National Climate Change Action Plan); National Framework Strategy on Climate Change (NFSCC); National Security Strategy (NSS). (Pages 96-99)

Practical tools, case studies, and planning guidance

• GeoRiskPH: a multi-agency geospatial platform for hazards, exposure, and risk assessment; tools include HazardHunterPH, GeoAnalyticsPH, and FaultFinder. (Box in Page 103)
• Oplan Listo (Listo Program): LGU-focused disaster preparedness program with manuals, convergence planning, formation of LISTO teams, and youth engagement to strengthen DRRM. (Box 2, Page 107)
• Post-disaster rehabilitation and recovery planning guide: provides a framework for coordinating recovery, data requirements, and investment planning; designed to accelerate BBB-oriented recovery. (Box 4, Page 111)
• National DRRM Plan (NDRRMP) 2020–2030 aims to connect DRRM to climate resilience and human security with a whole-of-society approach; emphasizes evidence-based planning, data access, and open information.
• Monitoring and evaluation approach: 9-step RBMES for national, regional, and local levels; emphasis on linking DRRM progress to SFDRR commitments and SDGs; annual accomplishment reports and a consolidated national DRRM report (Pages 183-185).

Ethico-political and practical implications

• Equity and inclusion: emphasis on gender-responsiveness, disability access, indigenous peoples, children, and marginalized groups; ensure locally-led DRRM and meaningful participation of vulnerable populations (Key sections under Outcome 9 and 16). (Pages 146-149, 159-166)
• Governance and political will: DRRM success depends on political will, accountable leadership, and clear roles/responsibilities; fragmentation and overlapping mandates identified as challenges in past practice (Lessons Learned, 2019 data review). (Pages 106-117)
• Build Back Better (BBB) and sustainable development: BBB is a central organizing principle for rehabilitation and recovery; recovery investments should advance resilience and long-term development goals (BBB framing appears throughout Thematic Area IV). (Pages 170-174, 181-186)
• Data and transparency: need for standardized data, open data platforms, and robust M&E; calls for a unified DRRM information system and clearer data-sharing protocols (Lessons Learned, 2019–2020; RBMES). (Pages 102-104, 183-185)
• Private sector and CSO engagement: MOUs and public-private partnerships are essential for DRRM financing, data sharing, and capacity-building; Annex 4 maps actor roles across pillars. (Pages 93-99, Annex 4)
• Ethical dimensions of risk governance: ensuring rights-based, inclusive governance; protecting vulnerable populations in evacuations and recovery; balancing rapid action with health and safety standards (IHR, SFDRR, NDRRMP). (Pages 81-82, 93-95, 97-99)

Equations and quantitative references (LaTeX-formatted)

• General risk formulation (conceptual):
  • $R = f(H, E, V, C)$
  • where H = Hazard, E = Exposure, V = Vulnerability, C = Capacity. Note: capacity reduces risk; higher vulnerability or exposure increases risk; hazard presence is necessary for risk. (Source conceptual framing: The Disaster Risk Management definitions and slides on Risk; Nearby references: Page 41)
• Common risk-product framing (an explicit, commonly used form):
  • $R riangleq \frac{H imes E imes V}{C}$
  • This captures the idea that risk grows with hazard, exposure, and vulnerability, but is mitigated by capacity (preparedness, infrastructure, governance). (Source: Conceptualization in multiple slides about risk being a function of hazard, vulnerability, and capacity; see Page 41 and related discussion in Pages 53-56)
• Timeframe and planning horizons (LaTeX-ready):
  • Short-term: $2020 ext{-}2022$, Medium-term: $2023 ext{-}2025$, Long-term: $2026 ext{-}2030$; Overall plan horizon: $2020 ext{-}2030$. (Source: Page 87)
• Global targets and SFDRR priorities (LaTeX-friendly summary):
  • SFDRR has four priority areas for action and seven global targets. (Source: Page 92-95)
  • Targets include: mortality reduction, number of affected people, direct economic loss as % of GDP, and rapid access to multi-hazard early warning and risk information. (Source: Page 93-95)

Connections to prior content and real-world relevance

• All-hazards framing and the COVID-19 pandemic highlight the need to integrate health, climate, and disaster risk governance; the plan explicitly calls for an integrated risk management (IRM) approach that links DRRM, CCA, and ecosystems-based approaches. (Source: Pages 93-95, 97-99)
• The Philippines’ DRRM architecture emphasizes a whole-of-society and whole-of-government approach, with local empowerment through LDRRMCs and LISTO, and regional localization of plans; this reflects practical lessons from past disasters (e.g., Yolanda) about governance, data, and readiness. (Source: Pages 107-117)
• The four thematic pillars map directly to national capacity-building priorities: science-based risk information (P&M), community preparedness, robust disaster response, and BBB-focused recovery. This structure supports a transition from relief-centric to resilience-centric development. (Source: Pages 126-156, 170-177)

Key takeaways for exam-readiness

• Understand the four DRRM pillars and their lead agencies: P&M (DOST), Preparedness (DILG), Response & Early Recovery (DSWD), Rehabilitation & Recovery (NEDA). (Source: Pages 126-135, 145-151, 148-161, 170-177)
• Grasp the Disaster Crunch Model and the Pressure Release Model: vulnerability, capacity, and structural influences determine disaster risk; the “pressure release” framework emphasizes reversing drivers of risk via hazard reduction, reduced vulnerability, increased capacity, and better structures. (Source: Pages 51-59)
• Be able to explain DRRM terms and the lifecycle: Hazard, Vulnerability, Capacity, Risk; Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness, Early Warning, Rehabilitation, Reconstruction, Recovery; understand the pre-disaster, during-disaster, and post-disaster phases. (Source: Pages 37-48)
• Recognize the policy anchors and alignment with SFDRR, Paris Agreement, SDGs, NCCAP, PDP, and UN regional frameworks; key global targets and national targets are integrated into the NDRRMP 2020–2030. (Source: Pages 91-99, 92-95)
• Appreciate the importance of data, monitoring, and M&E: RBMES approach, local data collection, and open-data strategies; the need for standardized risk information and local risk maps. (Source: Pages 102-105, 183-185)
• Recall GeoRiskPH and Oplan Listo as concrete tools and programs that operationalize DRM at the local and national levels. (Source: Box 1, Box 2, Pages 103-107)
• Ethical commitments: inclusivity, gender-responsiveness, disability considerations, and community empowerment are central to the Updates in NDRRMP. (Source: Pages 146-151, 167-168)

Annex and supplementary references (briefly)

• Annex 4: Mapping of DRRM Actors per Thematic Pillar (roles of agencies and organizations across pillars). (Source: Annex 4, Pages 194-195)
• References and acknowledgments: citations to CHS, UNDRR, UNFCCC, SFDRR, NDRRMP background documents; disaster case studies and governance lessons. (Source: Pages 186-187)

Task-oriented pointers for your study notes

• Be able to reproduce the four DRRM pillars and the rationale for each; memorize the lead agency and the main outcomes for each pillar.
• Be ready to discuss how the DRRM framework aligns with SFDRR and other global frameworks, and how it translates to local planning targets (LDRRMPs, CLUPs, CDs, and LGU plans).
• Practice explaining the Disaster Crunch Model and the Pressure Release Model with examples (e.g., a community with poor housing and limited services facing a flood hazard; how capacity building and hazard mitigation can reduce risk).
• Prepare to discuss the role of data and technology: GeoRiskPH, EWS, and crowd-sourced mapping in strengthening last-mile risk communication and decision-making.
• Reflect on ethical implications: ensuring inclusive participation, addressing vulnerabilities, and achieving BBB in the recovery phase.