networking concepts

Q: What is Active Directory?
A: A Microsoft service for centralized network resource and user management, including authentication and authorization.
Q: What are the main purposes and features of AD?
A: Centralized control, secure authentication, policy enforcement, and hierarchical organization (domains, forests, OUs).

Q: What does MMC stand for?
A: Microsoft Management Console.
Q: What is the Microsoft Management Console?
A: A framework for managing Windows systems using snap-ins for tasks like device management and performance monitoring.
Q: What is the Disk Management snap-in?
A: A tool in MMC to manage disks and partitions, including creating, formatting, resizing, and deleting volumes.

Q: What are considerations when naming a Windows Server?
A: Unique, descriptive, follows naming conventions, and avoids special characters.
Q: What is the difference between static and dynamic IP addresses during server setup?
A: Static ensures consistent network identity, while dynamic (via DHCP) is less reliable for servers.
Q: What is a clean installation?
A: Installing Windows Server on a blank or formatted drive with no remnants of previous systems.
Q: What tasks should be performed immediately on the first server?
A: Configure static IP, promote to domain controller, set up DNS, and establish security policies.

Q: How does Windows Server secure access to files?
A: By using NTFS permissions to control file and folder access locally and remotely.
Q: What is the least privileges principle?
A: Users and processes should have only the permissions necessary to perform their tasks.
Q: What are FAT volumes, and how do they handle permissions?
A: FAT volumes lack NTFS-style security and rely on share-level permissions.
Q: What are share permissions?
A: Network-level permissions to control access to shared folders.
Q: What are the three types of share permissions?
A:
- Read: View files.
- Change: Read, modify, and delete.
- Full Control: All permissions, including managing shares.
Q: What are NTFS permissions?
A: File- and folder-level permissions, offering granular control like Full Control, Modify, and Read & Execute.

Q: What are the four components of AD's logical structure?
A: Forest, Domain, Organizational Unit (OU), and Leaf Objects.
Q: What are organizational units (OUs)?
A: Containers in a domain for organizing resources like users and computers.
Q: What are Active Directory Leaf Objects?
A: Individual elements like user accounts, groups, and computer accounts.

Q: What should you consider when creating/modifying user accounts?
A: Use meaningful usernames, apply strong passwords, and assign proper group memberships.
Q: What special characters are restricted in usernames?
A: \ / : * ? " < > | and spaces.
Q: Why disable user accounts in AD?
A: To prevent unauthorized access during turnover or inactivity.

Q: What are Built-in Groups in a Windows domain?
A: Predefined groups with roles like Administrators, Users, Guests, Backup Operators, etc.
Q: What is the role of the Administrators group?
A: Full control over domain resources and policies.

Q: What is DNS?
A: A system that translates domain names into IP addresses.
Q: What are the components of the DNS naming hierarchy?
A: Root (.), TLDs (.com, .org), Second-Level Domains (example.com), Subdomains (sub.example.com).

Q: How do you convert binary to decimal?
A: Multiply each bit by 2^position (from right to left) and sum the results.
Example: Binary 1010 = (1×2^3) + (0×2^2) + (1×2^1) + (0×2^0) = 10.