Botany 2.0

  • Allele: Different versions of a gene at a specific locus on a chromosome.

  • Allopatric Speciation: The formation of new species in geographically isolated populations.

  • Artificial Selection: The selective breeding of plants and animals by humans for desired traits.

  • Autotroph: An organism that produces its own food, typically through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

  • Binary Fission: Asexual reproduction in prokaryotes where a cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

  • Central Dogma: The fundamental principle of molecular biology that describes the flow of genetic information: DNA → RNA → Protein.

  • Chargaff's Rule: The observation that in DNA, the amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine.

  • Chloroplast: An organelle found in plant and algal cells where photosynthesis occurs.

  • Chromosome: A thread-like structure of nucleic acids and protein that carries genetic information in the form of genes.

  • Codon: A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid or a stop signal during translation.

  • Conjugation: A process of genetic recombination in bacteria involving the direct transfer of DNA (usually a plasmid) between two cells connected by a pilus.

  • Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA): A double-stranded nucleic acid that contains the genetic information for all living organisms.

  • Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent.

  • Dominant Allele: An allele that masks the expression of the recessive allele when both are present in a heterozygote.

  • Eukaryote: An organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

  • Evolution: The change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

  • Gene: A specific segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a particular protein or functional RNA molecule.

  • Gene Flow: The movement of genes into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals.

  • Genetic Drift: Random fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next, particularly significant in small populations.

  • Genome: The complete set of genetic material present in a cell or organism.

  • Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism, referring to the specific alleles it possesses.

  • Germline Mutation: A mutation that occurs in cells that produce gametes and can be passed on to offspring.

  • Haploid: Having a single set of chromosomes.

  • Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for a particular gene.

  • Heterotroph: An organism that obtains energy by consuming other organisms or organic matter.

  • Homozygous: Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.

  • Inheritance: The process by which genetic information is passed from parents to offspring.

  • Mutation: A permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism.

  • Natural Selection: The process by which organisms with heritable traits that enhance their survival and reproduction in a specific environment tend to leave more offspring than others, leading to the evolution of those traits.

  • Nucleotide: The basic building block of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

  • Phenotype: The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype and the environment.

  • Phylogenetic: Relating to the evolutionary history and relationships among organisms.

  • Plasmid: A small, circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the bacterial chromosome.

  • Polygenic Trait: A trait controlled by multiple genes.

  • Prokaryote: An organism whose cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

  • Recessive Allele: An allele whose expression is masked by the presence of a dominant allele in a heterozygote.

  • Ribonucleic Acid (RNA): A single-stranded nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis.

  • Ribosome: A cellular structure responsible for protein synthesis.

  • Speciation: The evolutionary process by which new biological species arise.

  • Sympatric Speciation: The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area.

  • Taxonomy: The science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms.

  • Transcription: The process by which the genetic information encoded in DNA is copied into a complementary RNA molecule.

  • Transformation: A process of genetic recombination in bacteria where cells take up DNA fragments from their environment.

  • Translation: The process by which the genetic information in mRNA is used by ribosomes to synthesize proteins.

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