Reviewer (Prelims)

TERM	DEFINITION
Science	The process of gaining knowledge through observation, experimentation, and evidence.
Science = Understanding	Science focuses on understanding why and how things work.
Technology	The application of scientific knowledge to solve problems and make life easier.
Technology = Applying Knowledge	Technology uses scientific knowledge for practical purposes.
Society	A group of people connected by common culture, interests, rules, and institutions.
Science and Technology in Nation Building	Science and technology help a country develop by improving healthcare, agriculture, transportation, communication, education, and the economy.
Science and Technology in Healthcare	Technology improves healthcare through telemedicine, remote monitoring, medical imaging, and online health records.
Technology Influences Science	Technology provides scientists with tools that help them make new discoveries.
Positive Effects of Science and Technology	Includes better healthcare, faster communication, economic growth, and improved agriculture.
Negative Effects of Science and Technology	Improper use can cause pollution, environmental damage, and other problems.
History of Science and Technology	Studies how science and technology developed and how they changed society.
Classical Antiquity	A historical period mainly associated with ancient Greece and Rome.
Middle Ages	The period after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, characterized by feudalism, castles, kingdoms, and strong religious influence.
Renaissance	Means “rebirth” and involved renewed interest in classical Greek and Roman knowledge, art, science, philosophy, and literature.
Scientific Revolution	A period that emphasized observation, evidence, measurement, and experimentation to understand nature.
Enlightenment	An intellectual movement that emphasized reason, critical thinking, and questioning traditional ideas.
Intellectual Revolution	A period focused on rational thinking, questioning old beliefs, and using logic and evidence.
Beginning of the Modern Age	Commonly associated with the discovery of the New World in 1492.
Industrial Revolution	A period when machines and new technology changed production, transportation, employment, and society.
Urbanization	The growth of cities as people move from rural areas to urban areas.
James Watt	Known for improving the steam engine.
Digital Revolution	The rise of computers, the internet, smartphones, digital communication, and online learning.
Telecommuting	Working remotely using technology, such as working from home.
Nicolaus Copernicus	Proposed the heliocentric model, which places the Sun at the center.
Heliocentric Model	A model that places the Sun at the center.
Ptolemy	Supported the geocentric model.
Geocentric Model	A model that places the Earth at the center.
Galileo Galilei	Used a telescope to make important astronomical observations, including Jupiter’s moons.
Sir Isaac Newton	Known for the law of universal gravitation and the laws of motion.
Charles Darwin	Developed the theory of evolution by natural selection.
Natural Selection	The process in which organisms with helpful traits are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass those traits to future generations.
Aristotle	A Greek philosopher who was a student of Plato.
Socrates → Plato → Aristotle	An important teacher-student relationship among Greek philosophers.
Elenchus	A method associated with Socrates that uses questioning to examine beliefs.
Telescope	An instrument used to study faraway objects such as planets, stars, and space.
Microscope	An instrument used to study very small objects such as cells and microorganisms.
Scientific Method	A process for answering scientific questions: Observation → Question → Hypothesis → Experiment → Results → Conclusion.
Observation	The first step identified in the scientific method in your examination.
Earliest Human Tools	Early humans mainly used stone tools for cutting, hunting, and preparing food.
Copper	One of the earliest metals used by humans for making tools, weapons, and other objects.
Agricultural Revolution	The shift from hunting and gathering to farming, leading to permanent settlements and organized communities.
Edwin Smith Papyrus	An ancient Egyptian document containing information about injuries and medical treatment.
Zero	A mathematical concept associated in the examination with ancient Indian contributions to mathematics.
Chinampas	An Aztec agricultural innovation, often called “floating gardens,” used to grow crops in shallow lakes.
Ibn Al-Haytham	Known for important contributions to optics, light, and vision.
Jabir ibn Hayyan	Known for contributions to alchemy, early chemistry, and experimental practices.
Charlemagne	Helped preserve and spread knowledge by supporting the copying and preservation of important texts.
Black Death	A devastating plague in 14th-century Europe that caused millions of deaths and major social and economic changes.
Scientists and the Church	Their relationship was complex and included both cooperation and conflict.
Galileo Controversy	An example of conflict between scientific ideas and religious authority.
DDT	An insecticide originally used to control harmful insects and pests.
Indigenous Philippine Technology	Scientific and technological knowledge developed by Filipinos before Spanish colonization.
Banaue Rice Terraces	An example of advanced precolonial Filipino agricultural engineering.
Balangay Boats	Ancient Filipino boats that demonstrate advanced precolonial boat-building and navigation knowledge.
Malong Weaving	A traditional example of indigenous Filipino weaving technology and craftsmanship.
Ifugao Bul-ul Carving	A traditional example of indigenous Filipino artistic and cultural craftsmanship.
Spanish Colonial Period	A period when advances in navigation, maps, instruments, and sea-route knowledge supported exploration.
National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP)	Founded in 1933 to support scientific and technological research for Philippine development.
NRCP	Remember: NRCP → Research
Institute of Science	According to the examination: 1947 → Bureau of Science → Institute of Science.