psychology - intelligence T5 

intelligence: mental quality having the ability to learn from experience, problem solve, and adapt to new situations

  • intelligence test: assess an individuals mental aptitudes
  • Spearman’s general intelligence (g factor) - says theres a single factor for intelligence
    • factor analysis: statistical procedure that identifies many related items (factors)
  • executive functioning: involves mental abilities necessary in planning, focusing, and multitasking -prefrontal cortex
  • gardener’s theory of multiple intelligence: opposite of spearman, says there are multiple intelligences (ex: savant syndrome)
    • 8 different intelligences:
    • interpersonal: good at understanding people
    • intrapersonal: knowing yourself
    • bodily-kinesthetic
    • spatial
    • musical
    • body kinesthetic: physical awareness, athletic
    • visual spatial
    • naturalistic: connecting to nature
  • sternberg’s triarchic theory: there are 3 intelligences, meant to examine things from a different perspective (less biased)
  • emotional intelligence: measured in EQ(emotional quotient), examines intra/interpersonal elements
    • those with high EI show better job performance and overall success (esp in parenting & marriage)
  • accurately identifying emotions in self
  • awareness of emotions in decision making
  • understand/analyze self emotions
  • self control for emotions
  • parietal lobe: center for math & spatial processing
  • intelligence testing:
    • francis galton: began modern intelligence movement through surveying & statistics
    • alfred binet: developed IQ tests to assess children’s mental age
    • mental age: age that corresponds w level of performance
    • lewis terman: believed intelligence was innate
    • created the Stanford Binet
    • really only works for children
      • mental age/chronological age x10

testing

  • achievement test: to determine what a person has learned ex:AP test
  • aptitude test: test designed to predict future performance ex:college entrance exams
  • speed test: large number of questions in short time ex: minute math
  • power test: increasingly difficult levels to find the difficulty level someone can solve, each question gets harder till you cant do it anymore ex: videogame
  • group test: large number of people at once ex: SAT
  • individual test: one on one test - subjective ex: psychological testing ex: individual oral exam
  • Wechsler adult intelligence scale (WAIS): most widely used intelligence test, there are 15 subtests, verbal & nonverbal scale

IQ test:

  • 100= avg IQ
    • standard deviation = 15
    • based on how others did

things to be aware of when testing

  • standardization: 2 elements, standardization of administration of the test, involves creating a normal curve
    • normal curve: most scores fall near the average, few at the extremes
    • to keep average wechsler & stanford binet tests are standardized
    • flynn effect: IQ scores have been improving since 1920s
    • Humans have become steadily more intelligent over the last 100 years
    • Found in 30 countries
    • Been recorded since WWI - when IQ tests first appeared
    • Increase 3 IQ points per decade
    • Factors:
      • Health
      • Diets
      • Better at abstract reasoning
    • James Flynn
    • In western society-scientific thinking has become standardized
      • We deal with abstract thinking
      • Allowed for high level education
    • Future: we will reach a max

assessing intelligence tests:

<<reliabilty:<<

  • ^^Reliability:^^ repeatability/consistency of a test, you know its reliable if you get same score
  • ^^split half reliability:^^ randomly dividing a test into 2, correlating people’s performance on the two halves, ex: you randomly take 1/2 the FRQ answers and correlate them to 1/2 of the FRQ answers
  • ^^equivalent form reliability:^^ correlation btwn performance on different forms of the test, ex: original test & a retake
  • ^^test retest reliability:^^ you take the same exact test twice, if it’s reliable you should get the same results,
  • ^^inter rater reliability:^^ correlation in scoring between 2 different scorers, ex: you had 2 diff teachers grading your test, you should get the same grade
  • ^^intra rater reliability:^^ correlation in scoring when the same scorer scores the test more than once, ex: if a teacher scores the same test twice you should get the same grade each time

[[validity:[[

  • ==Validity==: extent to which a test measures/predicts what is should

  • ==face validity:== at a face look does the test appear to be on the right topic

  • ==content validity:== do the specific questions relate to all elements of the content, ex: if a test has content validity it has questions on all the important parts

  • ==predictive validity==: success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict, does the test (IQ test) predicts how well you will do in academics

  • ==criterion validity:== how well results correlate with outside measure, comparing results on this test to an outside test, ex: comparing ACT to SAT

  • ==construct validity:== how well does it measure an abstract idea, ex: testing for depression, make sure its testing for depression not anxiety - one thing not anything similar

  • pos skew: bulk of scores are lower

  • neg skew: bulk of scores are higher

Stability of intelligence:

  • Cross sectional studies: taking multiple groups of people at diff ages, pro: faster results, con: many factors

  • longitudinal studies: test one group of people over time, pro: each person is in control, con: long time

    • lewis terman

  • takeaway: intelligence remains stable throughout adult life

  • }}crystalized intelligence: info you have learned, facts}}

  • <<fluid intelligence: speed of processing, problem solving, reasoning<<

intelligence extremes:

  • Intellectually disabled: score of 70 or below on IQ test, 2 SD below mean
  • Intellectual disability traits: 1) difficulty in adapting 2) limited social/practical skills 3) (maybe) down syndrome

genetic & environmental influence on Iq

  • genetic influences on IQ: 1)twin studies 2) adoption studies
  • Environmental influences on IQ: 1) deprivation & malnutrition: takes energy away from brain
  • Heritability: 1) intelligence is roughly 50% heritable

group differences & bias:

  • @@female v. male group difference:@@ 1) female- verbal & emotional tasks, locating objects, sensitive to touch, taste, color 2) males - spatial & complex math
  • @@racial & ethnic differences:@@ 1) over history the dominant group outscores minority group differences (may be environmental) trends- *social highearchy & wealth gap
  • @@bias differences:@@ stereotype threat - when reminded of negative stereotypes people did worse on testing