AICE Intl. History Midterm Review (copy)

Dawes Plan : 1924

  1. Marked a significant change in French foreign policy towards Germany

  2. Remember France and Belgium were in the Ruhr area during 1923

  3. Dawes Plan comes out in 1924

  4. This is in response to non german reparation payments

  5. USA gives sizeable loan to Germany $200 million

  6. Germans railway and other industries and other key industries under control of foreign nations

  7. Provisional plan

Impact:

  1. France and Belgium leave Ruhr

  2. Agree to leave Rhineland eventually

  3. Reduced tensions between Germany and France

  4. Stability within Europe

  5. Germany economy starts to improve

  6. USA is now involved in European affairs


France:

  1. Disliked because it because what if Germany doesn’t pay

  2. Public opinion they had to go along with plan or be isolated


Germany

  1. Railways under international control.

  2. Extremist groups did not like starting of reparations again

  3. Reparation amount the SAME but payments were restructured (lower) 



Locarno Conference 1925

  1. Proposed by Gustav Stresemann of Germany 1925

  2. This was to create greater stability and security in Germany

  3. Particularly to improve Germany and France relationships

  4. Ariste Briand ( France) and  Stresemann (germany)= excellent working relationship- big change previously

  5. Briand(France), Stresemann(Germany), and Chamberlain (Britain) all won Nobel Peace Prize

Impact:


  1. “Spirit of Locarno”

  2. Many were certain that this was the peace that was much needed

  3. Treaty of Mutual Guarantee



France:

  1. Got France-Germany borders set ( also Germany-Belgium border) - as was made up at the Treaty of Versailles.

  2. Had security of Italy and Britain if Germany becomes aggressive ( although this was fragile because it was how GB interpreted the violation)

  3. Did provide an additional sense of peace for all of Europe


Germany

  1. Agreed to Western borders

  2. Germany becomes a League of Nations in 1926

  3. Did not agree to the eastern borders with Czechoslovakia and Poland (arbitration)

  4. Accepted Treaty of Versailles loses

  5. Unpopular with German nationalist


Great Britain

  1. Tied down France from going into Ruhr

  2. Germany and Western powers improving relationship- discouraged any close cooperation between Russia and Germany

Italy

  1. Mussolini seen as statesman and Italy was respected

  2. Did not want to be an isolationist so was involved



Kellogg Briand Pact- 1928

  1. Further helps reduce tensions within Europe

  2. United States involved in Pact

  3. 1928

  4. Open to all countries to sign pact- France at first not happy about this

  5. REJECTION of WAR  as a foreign policy for all countries. Settle differences by peaceful negotiations

  6. Signed by 15 major powers at first and then expands to over 60


British happy because it would be status quo and help protect empire

Germany likes this because it improves Germany-US relationships


YOUNG PLAN -1929

  1. Owen Young - USA american banker

  2. Reduced FINAL reparation amount for Germany 6.6 to 2.0 billion 

  3. Gave Germany 59 years to pay reparations until 1988

  4. Shows France adopted a less hard line approach to Germany

  5. Did away with Dawes Plan


You will write two responses to the one sided prompts from below:


  1. Why, in 1921-1922, did the Washington Naval Conference take place?

    • Disarmament

    • Worries Japanese expansion

    • Anglo-Japanese treaty- Britain wanted to end alliance formally

    • Conclusion: The Conference took place because of disarmament.

  2. Explain why U.S. foreign policy become more imperialistic  after 1898

    • Western Frontier Closing; spread of american settlers, needed to expand the American economy and a need for new markets.

    • Spanish American War; granted control of pr guam and philippines, wanted to expand influence

    • When McKinley was elected in 1897, he was more adamant about imperialism for the United States.

    • Conclusion: The US foreign policy became more imperialist after 1898 because of mckinley’s presidency.

  3. Why, during the Paris Peace talks in 1919, why did Clemenceau insist harsh terms be imposed on Germany

    • Wanted Germany to be weak so it would not pose a threat to France. SECURITY

    • Wanted Germany to pay for its involvement in WW1.

    • Wanted to get Alsace-Lorraine back cuz it was annexed

    • Conclusion: Clemenceau imposed harsh terms on Germany because it wanted security in the event of a German attack.

  4. Explain why Germany was increasingly interested in having an overseas empire after 1880.

    • Bismarck pressured by the businesses

    • Kaiser Wilhelm, imperialistic, welt politik

    • Wanted to establish its own powerful government.

    • Conclusion: Germany was interested in having overseas expansion because of the businesses pressuring Bismarck to expand.

  5. Explain why Africa was the focus of The Berlin conference in 1884

    • Scramble for africa; too many conflicts over territory

    • African continent was rich in natural resources making it attractive

    • Discuss equal dividing of the African continent.

    • Conclusion: Africa was the focus of the Berlin Conference because it wanted to prevent conflicts.


  • Reminder you will write (focus) on the causes/consequences/outcome 

  • Give examples and elaborate (PEEL)



You will write One response to the two sided arguments from the prompts below:

  1. How successful were the Dawes and Young Plans in solving the problem of reparations?

    Agree:

    • The Dawes Plan made reparations affordable for Germany

    • The Young Plan reduced Germany’s reparations from 6.6 to 2.2 billion.

    • Dawes plan improved germany’s economy; ended hyperinflation

    Disagree:

    • The Wall Street Crash of 1929 had left the USA desperate for money so therefore they would put pressure on Germany to pay back their loans

    • Extremists were unhappy that Germany still had to pay reparations; concerns of extremist revolution.

    Conclusion: I agree that The Dawes and Young Plans were successful because they paved the way for Germany to rebuild its economy.

  2. To what extent did the Locarno treaties resolve international tensions in the second half of the 1920’s?

    Agree:

    • Treaty of Mutual Guarantee

    • Improved French and German relations

    • France, Belgium and Germany respected joint borders.

    Disagree:

    • No guarantee on Germany’s Eastern borders (Czechoslovakia and Poland)

    • Britain was not fully committed to enforce the agreements with military action.

    Conclusion: I agree that the Locarno treaties resolved international tensions because of the improvement of French and German relations.

  3. ‘The League of Nations was successful in dealing with international conflict in the 1920’s’. How far do you agree?

    Agree:

    • World Organizations; ILO, Health Organization, Financial Assistance

    • Greece-Bulgaria Border dispute of 1925; Greece agreed to comply with the LON and left Bulgaria as well as paying re-compensation for its invasion.

    Disagree:

    • Ruhr Invasion

    • 1923 Corfu incident

    • Conferences held outside the LON- Washington Naval Conference,

    Conclusion: I disagree that the League of Nations was successful in dealing with the international conflicts in the 1920’s because of the 1923 Corfu incident.

  4. To what extent had Japan become a world power by the end of the First World War?

    Agree:

    • Commendable influence over the Far East; loans over China, ample territories (Korea and Manchuria), surge in trading.

    • Played a part in foreign affairs; Anglo-Japanese Alliance, invited to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.

    • Effects of the Meiji Restoration (1867); rapid industrialization, strong military, capable government.

    Disagree:

    • Discrimination; not being taken seriously at conferences,

    • Having their power moderated by the other powers (5 power treaty)

    Conclusion: I agree that Japan became a world power after the end of the First World War because of their impressive influence over the Far East by the end of WW1.


**** YOU HAVE TO PICK A SIDE WHICH YOU FIND MORE PERSUASIVE- LAST PARAGRAPH*****


There are several reason why Japan should be viewed as a world power by the end of WWI. Some of the reasons are _______, ___________, and _________. On the other hand, Japan was not  a world power because _____ and _____ 


One reason why Japan was a world power by the end of WWI was due to the Anglo-Japanese  treaty in 1902. This treaty came after the Boer Wars in which England realized that they needed alliances to protect trade interest in the Far East. At this time Japan was the dominant power in the Far East and viewed as a viable  partner to secure the eastern hemisphere for England. This came as a surprised to other countries, as many didn’t view Japan as a equal, however, with this treaty, this made Japan a formidable power in 1902.

Another reason why 

On the other hand, Japan could be seen as not a world power. For example, 

The League of Nations was successful in dealing with international conflict in the 1920’s? How far do you agree? 


Agree

  • Sweden and Finland over the Aland Islands

  • League set up international loans for Austria and Hungary

  • Greece obeyed orders to leave Bulgaria

  • Slavery Commission freed 200,000 slaves 

  • World Health Organization provided better health care- vaccines, diets, 

  • Upper Silesia - vote between Poland and Germany


Disagree: 

  • Poland troops invaded Vilna ( capital of Lithuania)

  • 1923 Corfu Incident

  • Ruhr Invasion

  • Other conferences settled matters- Washington Naval Conference

  • Mandates commission was seen as a “victors” spoil for GB and FR


Last paragraph- you have to make a conclusion. I agree/disagree that the LON was a success…(WHY) 


How Successful were the Dawes and Young Plans in solving the problem of reparations?


Success (Dawes)

  • Made reparations affordable for Germany

  • Helped Germany get back on its feet economically

  • France and Belgium leave the Ruhr

  • USA is involved

  • Ended Germany hyperinflation

Downside (Dawes)

  • Left Germany vulnerable to 

  • Short term loan

  • Extremist unhappy with reparations

  • International Control over railways and other industries


Young Plan

  • Reduced reparations overall from 6.6 billion ( euro) to 2.1 (billion) for Germany

  • More peace was seen between FR and GER

  • International controls were now off



Downsided (Young)

  • Wall street crash Oct 1929 - loans were called in (germany had to repay USA)

  • Rise of extremism in germany due to economy after wall street crash



Explain why Germany was increasingly interested in having an overseas empire after 1880?

  • Pressure from German businesses wanting to trade globally and have resources

  • General rise of imperialistic rivalry in Europe culminating in the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885

  • The dismissal of Bismarck in 1888. He was mostly in favor of concentrating on the continent of europe not colonial expansion

  • Kaiser Wilhelm II was more aggressive wanting colonies “Weltpolitik” idea of a place in the sun

  • Wanted to block GB from becoming to powerful - Boers/ Building up of navy


Explain why the Washington Naval Conference was held in 1921-1922?

  • Meeting for Naval arms race reduction

  • 3 treaties come from this conference

  • Keep Japan in check

  • Shows US is a major power by hosting this conference ( outside LON)



Explain why Africa was the focus of an international conference in Berlin in 1884-1885?

  • Reduce tensions between European powers to avoid war in Africa in claiming land

  • African continent was rich in natural resource (rubber, gold, diamonds)  and industrialized nations of Europe wanted these to continue industrialization

  • Prestige and pride in claiming lands ( nationalism)

  • Discussed rules on how lands in Africa will be established ( how to claim territory)



One reason why an international conference was called was to reduce tensions in Africa. Before the conference, many European powers were rushing into the continent of Africa claiming territory. There were no rules at this time and countries such as Britain and France were competing for as much land as possible, this led to tensions between the world powers and a few times almost led to war. This conference was held to hopefully avoid conflict and reduce tensions.

Another reason why the  conference was called was the continent of Africa was rich in resources