Chapter 21

Racial Violence in the Postwar Era

🧠 What is this section saying?

Racial tensions became much worse after World War I, especially because many African Americans moved from the South to the North during the Great Migration.

1. The Great Migration

Beginning around 1917–1918, more than 400,000 African Americans left the South and moved North.

Why?

• They wanted to escape poverty and racial discrimination.

• They were attracted by industrial jobs created by wartime production.

But most Black workers still received low-paying jobs.

2. The North was not the “promised land”

Many African Americans expected better opportunities in the North.

However, they encountered white migrants from the South who were also competing for jobs and housing, so these increased racial tension

3. After World War I, tensions exploded

When Black and white veterans returned from the war, racial tensions became even worse.

In 1919, race riots occurred in 25 cities.

The passage gives Chicago as the worst example.

4. The Chicago Race Riot

A Black teenager swimming in Lake Michigan accidentally entered an area traditionally used by white swimmers.

White bathers threw stones at him, and he drowned.

The incident led to 13 days of violence between Black and white mobs.

According to the passage:

• 15 whites and 23 Blacks died

• 178 whites and 342 Blacks were injured

• more than 1,000 Black families became homeless

5. Tulsa, 1921

Two years later, violence occurred in Greenwood, Tulsa, a prosperous Black community known at the time as “Negro Wall Street.”

Even wealth and professional success did not protect Black residents from racial violence.

White mobs attacked Greenwood, and the district was burned.

2. Why was the North not the “promised land” for many African Americans?

Answer:

Although the North offered more industrial jobs, African Americans faced opposition from white migrants, competition for jobs, and scarce housing.

3. Why did racial tensions increase after World War I?

Answer:

Racial tensions increased because Black and white veterans returned to a country where jobs and housing were limited, creating competition and conflict. Existing racial hostility also contributed to violence.

4. What does the Chicago riot show?

Answer:

The Chicago riot shows how racial tensions and competition could turn into large-scale violence. An incident at a beach led to thirteen days of attacks between Black and white mobs.

5. Why is the Tulsa Race Massacre significant?

Answer:

It shows that even a prosperous Black community like Greenwood could be destroyed by white racial violence and white supremacy.

6. Why is Greenwood called “the Negro Wall Street”?

Answer:

Greenwood was called “the Negro Wall Street” because it had many Black businesses, churches, and African American professionals.

7. Why did some Black veterans fight back in Tulsa?

Answer:

Many Black veterans had served in World War I and were armed, so they attempted to defend the Greenwood community against the white mob.

8. What happened to Greenwood?

Answer:

White mobs and the police attacked Greenwood, and aircraft were used to drop firebombs on Black businesses and homes. Much of the district was burned and destroyed.

9. How did Black Tulsans respond after the massacre?

Answer:

Despite white opposition and the destruction of Greenwood, Black Tulsans took the initiative to rebuild their community.

Government Promotion of the Economy — 1920s

The federal government supported businesses and wealthy people during the 1920s, even though Republicans supported laissez-faire and “less government.”

Laissez-faire: less government regulation → businesses had more freedom → businesses benefited → business owners supported Republicans.

President Warren G. Harding said:

“less government in business and more business in government.”

This means Republicans wanted less government regulation of businesses, while allowing businesses to have a strong relationship with government.

2. 1. What did Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon believe the government should do with taxes?

He believed the government should reduce taxes on wealthy Americans, raise tariffs raise tariffs (increase taxes on imported goods) to protect American manufacturers;

, and reduce government spending.

Why did Mellon support tax cuts for wealthy Americans?

He believed wealthy Americans would use their extra money to invest in businesses, which would increase production and create jobs.

What was “trickle-down” economics?

It was the idea that tax cuts for wealthy people and businesses would lead to more investment, business growth, and jobs, eventually benefiting the broader economy.

How did Republicans change government regulation during the 1920s?
They weakened enforcement of regulations, making government agencies less strict with corporations and financial institutions

4. Herbert Hoover and cooperation between business and government

Hoover believed the government should have a role in promoting business, but he preferred voluntary cooperation between businesses and the government.

He supported trade associations, where businesses could work together to stabilize:

• production

• prices

• wages

The Commerce Department would provide businesses with information and data to help improve productivity and trade.

5. Weakening unions

How did Republicans try to weaken labor unions?

They encouraged companies to provide benefits directly to workers instead of workers relying on unions.

2. What benefits did some companies provide?
They offered health insurance, pensions, better wages, and better working conditions.

6. Teapot Dome Scandal

This is important because it shows corruption within the government-business relationship.

Interior Secretary Albert Fall transferred government oil fields to the Interior Department and then leased them to private companies.

One company, Mammoth Oil, received the Teapot Dome oil field.

In exchange, Fall received more than $300,000.

Fall and Harry Sinclair were later convicted and sent to prison.

👉 So the scandal showed that government officials could use their positions to benefit private businesses and themselves.

What was the Teapot Dome Scandal?
It was a government corruption scandal involving government oil fields and private businesses. Albert Fall transferred government oil fields to the Interior Department and leased them to Mammoth Oil. He received more than $300,000.
It showed that government officials could use their positions to benefit private businesses and themselves.

What happened to Albert Fall and Harry Sinclair (oil businessman)?
They were convicted and sent to prison.

7. Calvin Coolidge

After Harding died in 1923, Calvin Coolidge became president.

He distanced himself from Harding's scandals but continued Harding's economic policies.

What did Coolidge mean by “The chief business of the American people is business”?
It showed the Republican emphasis on business and economic growth during the 1920s.

against..

🔥

💰

📝 Ahora: preguntas para razonar

1. How did Republicans use government to promote the economy?

Answer:

Republicans reduced taxes on wealthy Americans, raised tariffs, weakened regulation, and promoted cooperation between government and businesses.

2. Why is there a contradiction between Republican laissez-faire principles and their economic policies?

Answer:

Although Republicans opposed government regulation, they still used government power to support corporations, wealthy Americans, and business growth.

⭐ Esta es una de las ideas MÁS importantes.

3. What did Andrew Mellon believe would happen after tax cuts for the wealthy?

Answer:

Mellon believed wealthy businesspeople would invest their extra money in expanding production, creating more jobs and increasing purchasing power.

4. What was the “trickle-down” idea?

Answer:

The idea was that money gained by wealthy people through tax cuts would be invested in businesses, creating jobs and increasing purchasing power for people lower on the economic ladder.

5. How did Herbert Hoover want government and business to work together?

Answer:

Hoover favored voluntary cooperation between the public and private sectors. He wanted businesses to cooperate through trade associations while the Commerce Department provided useful information.

6. How did Republicans weaken labor unions?

Answer:

They promoted business-sponsored worker welfare programs, and Supreme Court rulings restricted strikes and overturned some labor protections.

7. Why was the Teapot Dome scandal important?

Answer:

It exposed corruption in the Harding administration. Albert Fall gave private companies access to government oil reserves in exchange for money.

8. Did the Teapot Dome scandal change Republican economic policy?

Answer:

No. The scandal damaged Harding's reputation, but it did not stop Republican economic policies. Coolidge continued Harding's economic approach after becoming president.

9. What did Coolidge mean when he said, “The chief business of the American people is business”?

Answer:

He was expressing the Republican belief that business and economic growth should be major priorities of American government and society.

⭐ What was the Lost Generation?

The Lost Generation was a diverse group of writers, artists, and intellectuals who became disillusioned after World War I.

2. ⭐ Why were they called the “Lost Generation”?
Because they felt disillusioned and had lost faith after the destruction of World War I.

3. ⭐ What did the Lost Generation criticize?
They criticized the hypocrisy of old values, conformity in modern society, mass culture, and corporate capitalism.

4. ⭐ Why were they concerned about mass culture and corporate capitalism?
They believed mass culture and corporate capitalism could encourage conformity and weaken individualism and free thought because large corporations and mass culture promoted similar products, ideas, and behaviors, making people more likely to follow the same trends instead of thinking independently.

5. What did F. Scott Fitzgerald express in This Side of Paradise?
He expressed the disillusionment and loss of faith felt by his generation after World War I.

6. What did Sinclair Lewis criticize?
He criticized narrow-minded small-town life, empty materialism among businessmen, and the insincerity of evangelical preachers.🧠

Source 21 — The Red Scare, 1919–1920

1. ⭐ What was the Red Scare?
The Red Scare was a period of fear of Communism and radicalism in the United States after World War I.

2. ⭐ Why did the Red Scare begin?
The Comintern was created in Russia in 1919 to spread Communism, which increased fear of Communism in the United States.

How did the Red Scare affect the United States and how did the government respond?

Strikes, bombings, inflation, and labor unrest increased fear of radicalism and Communism. The government responded by conducting raids, arresting suspected Communists and anarchists, and deporting some

💰 Why did economic problems make the Red Scare worse?

AAfter World War I, the United States faced economic problems. Prices rose because demand was greater than supply. Workers went on strike over labor issues, and bombings by radicals increased fear of radicalism. These problems increased tension and made Americans more fearful of Communism..

🚨 Palmer Raids

Why did Palmer focus on immigrants, and what happened during the Palmer Raids?

Palmer believed that recent immigrants, especially those from Russia and eastern and southern Europe, were an important source of radicalism. During the Palmer Raids, authorities arrested thousands of suspected radicals, sometimes without proper warrants or access to lawyers, and deported some immigrants. However, the raids did not uncover extensive plots to overthrow the U.S. government and did not lead to the arrest of the bombers.

👨‍⚖ Louis F. Post

16. Why did Louis F. Post stop some deportations?

Answer:

Post believed many Palmer Raids had violated legal procedures, including improper search warrants and interrogations without access to lawyers. He freed about 3,000 prisoners and stopped further deportations.

📜 Source 21.1 — A. Mitchell Palmer

18. Why did Palmer believe communism was a threat, and what institutions did revolutionaries threaten?

Palmer believed communism threatened American society because he associated it with revolution, crime, violence and the destruction of existing social institutions. He believed revolutionaries threatened the government, law and order, churches, schools, and the family.

20. Why doesn't Palmer think there is a practical difference between the principles of radicals and their actions?

Palmer believed that even if radicals claimed to have political or intellectual theories, those theories could not be separated from criminal actions if they were used to justify violence or crime..in

📝 Preguntas para razonar

1. How was the new KKK different from the original KKK?

Answer:

The original KKK focused mainly on terrorizing African Americans and their white Republican allies in the South. The new KKK expanded to the North and West and targeted African Americans, Catholics, Jews, and others considered “un-American.”

2. Why did the KKK appeal to some native-born Protestants?

Some native-born Protestants supported the KKK because they believed it would protect their social position and traditional values.

3. What does nativism mean in this context?

It means believing that people born in the United States should have priority over immigrants.

The KKK took that idea further: it defended a society dominated by white and Protestant people, and rejected groups such as immigrants, Catholics and Jews

Why did the KKK attract some white women?

Some white women supported the KKK because it condemned abusive husbands and fathers and presented white Protestant women as symbols of moral virtue

6. How did the KKK use terror?

Answer:

Klansmen wore robes and hoods, burned crosses, and used violence including beatings, kidnappings, torture, and murder to intimidate their victims.

7. Why did the KKK participate in electoral politics?

The KKK participated in electoral politics to gain legitimacy, reach a wider audience, and increase its political influence. It helped elect governors, a U.S. senator, state legislators, and other officials

How was the KKK challenged?

The KKK was challenged by organizations, religious groups, and state governments. The Anti-Defamation League exposed its anti-Semitism, Catholics organized protests in support of religious tolerance, and more than a dozen states passed laws banning masks and hoods in public. In 1925, the conviction of KKK leader D. C. Stephenson for rape and murder further weakened the KKK by damaging its reputation.

🗳 The Battle for the Soul of the Democratic Party

A. Why was the Democratic Party divided in the 1920s?

The Democratic Party was divided between Southern Democrats, who generally supported Prohibition and traditional religious values, and Northern urban Democrats, many of whom represented immigrants and opposed Prohibition

Why did urban Democrats want to condemn the KKK in 1924?

Urban Democrats wanted to condemn the KKK because it was racist, anti-immigrant, and anti-Catholic. Many urban Democrats represented immigrant communities that the KKK discriminated

📝 Para poder responder el examen

Estas preguntas están construidas directamente de las ideas del texto para que practiques cómo explicarlas, no para que memorices estas preguntas como si fueran las del examen.

¿Por qué estaba dividido el Democratic Party?

Answer:

The Democratic Party was divided between Southern Democrats, who generally supported Protestant fundamentalism and prohibition, and northern urban Democrats, who represented many immigrants and often opposed prohibition.

¿Por qué fracasó la propuesta contra el KKK en 1924?

Answer:

The proposal failed because many convention delegates either belonged to or had been supported by the Ku Klux Klan.

¿Por qué Alfred Smith representaba a los urban Democrats?

Answer:

Smith was an Irish Catholic from an immigrant family who grew up in New York City and opposed prohibition, so he represented the urban and immigrant wing of the Democratic Party.

¿Por qué John Davis era más aceptable para los Democrats tradicionales?

Answer:

Davis was a Protestant from West Virginia who supported prohibition, which made him more acceptable to traditional and Southern Democrats.

¿Por qué perdió Davis en 1924?

Answer:

The Democratic Party was deeply divided, while Republican Calvin Coolidge won the election in a landslide.

¿Qué cambió dentro del Democratic Party antes de 1928?

Answer:

The balance within the party shifted toward urban forces as the Klan and D. C. Stephenson lost influence.

¿Por qué Hoover y Smith representaban grupos diferentes?

Answer:

Hoover was a Protestant supporter of prohibition from a small town, while Smith was a Catholic son of Irish immigrants from New York City who opposed prohibition.

¿Por qué Smith perdió pero todavía fue importante?

Answer:

Although Smith lost the election, he attracted urban and ethnic-minority voters to the Democratic Party and won the twelve largest cities in the

🏭 📝 Preguntas para razonar el examen

Estas están basadas directamente en el texto; no significa que sean las preguntas exactas del examen.

1. What was the contradiction in Republican economic policy during the 1920s?

Answer:
Republicans claimed to support laissez-faire and less government, but they used government power to support large corporations and wealthy Americans.

2. How did Andrew Mellon believe the government could promote economic growth?

Answer:
Mellon believed the government should reduce taxes on the wealthy, raise tariffs to protect manufacturers, and reduce government spending.

3. What was Mellon’s idea behind tax cuts for the wealthy?

Answer:
He believed wealthy people would invest their extra money in expanding production, creating jobs and increasing purchasing power so that wealth would “trickle down.”

4. How did Republicans change Progressive Era regulatory agencies?

Answer:
They weakened enforcement by agencies such as the Federal Trade Commission and Federal Reserve Board, making them more supportive of major corporations and financial institutions.

5. What did Herbert Hoover believe the government should do?

Hoover believed the federal government should promote business and reduce economic suffering through voluntary cooperation between the public and private sectors.

6. Why did Hoover support trade associations?

He believed businesses could cooperate through trade associations to stabilize production, prices, and wages, with information provided by the Department of Commerce..

7. How did the American Plan weaken unions?

Answer:
Businesses offered workers benefits such as health insurance and pensions, reducing workers' dependence on unions.

9. What was the Teapot Dome scandal?

Answer:
Interior Secretary Albert Fall transferred potential oil fields to his department and leased them to private companies. Harry Sinclair then gave Fall more than $300,000 in return for the Teapot Dome lease.

10. What did the Teapot Dome scandal reveal?

Answer:
It revealed corruption and a close, improper relationship between government officials and private businesses.

11. How did Coolidge continue Harding’s policies?

Answer:
Coolidge distanced himself from Harding's scandals but continued Harding's economic policies that favored business.

Which of the following describes the experience of African Americans who migrated north during the great migration?

They found jobs but most were paid little.

Why was the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) founded in Corpus Christi, Texas, in 1929?

To challenge discrimination against Mexican Americans

In light of the post–World War I Palmer raids, Assistant Secretary of Labor Louis F. Post was significant because he

prevented some 3,000 prisoners from being imprisoned or deported.

What was the goal behind Marcus Garvey's "Back to Africa" movement?

To lift black people throughout the world

What accounts for the popularity of Hebert Hoover's life story to voters in 1928?

His inspiring story and long experience

What was the purpose of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)?

To foster racial separation and black pride

What economic factors in the United States contributed to the Red Scare of 1919–1920?

High inflation, a shortage of consumer goods, and strikes

The American Plan attempted to improve the welfare of workers by

encouraging business-sponsored worker welfare initiatives

Chapter 21 Study Guide — Organized Lecture Notes

Voy a organizar tu clase por temas, en el orden en que aparecen en la transcripción, para que puedas estudiar para tu práctica. Mantendré las ideas de tu profesor, los nombres importantes, las fechas y las causas y consecuencias que pueden aparecer en el examen. Las explicaciones estarán en español y los conceptos clave en inglés.

Importante: aunque el capítulo se titula World War II, gran parte de esta clase trata sobre los cambios sociales ocurridos después de World War I (World War I = Primera Guerra Mundial). No confundas las dos guerras.

1. The Great Migration (La Gran Migración)

Why did African Americans leave the South?

Los afroamericanos sufrían muchas dificultades en el sur de Estados Unidos:

• Segregation: separación racial.

• Voting restrictions: restricciones para votar.

• Racial violence: violencia racial.

• Poverty: pobreza.

• Sharecropping: sistema agrícola en el que los trabajadores cultivaban tierras ajenas y pagaban al propietario con una parte de la cosecha.

La Primera Guerra Mundial creó oportunidades para abandonar el sur por dos razones principales:

• Military service: algunos afroamericanos se unieron al ejército.

• Industrial jobs: las fábricas necesitaban trabajadores para producir armas, uniformes, alimentos y otros suministros militares.

El gobierno contrató empresas para producir estos materiales. Muchas fábricas estaban en ciudades del norte y de la costa oeste, por lo que necesitaban contratar más trabajadores.

Where did they migrate?

Los patrones de migración seguían las rutas de los trenes.

Entre 1915 y 1920, aproximadamente 500,000 afroamericanos del sur viajaron hacia ciudades industriales del norte, según tu profesor.

Matthew Ward and “Poem for the Promised Land”

Primary Source 21 — poema publicado en el periódico Chicago Defender, según la clase.

El poema anima a los afroamericanos a abandonar el sur y buscar una vida mejor en el norte.

• Utiliza la historia bíblica de Moses (Moisés) y el pueblo de Israel saliendo de Egipto hacia la Tierra Prometida.

• Presenta el norte como un lugar donde podrían encontrar freedom and equality (libertad e igualdad).

• El poeta expresa su rechazo al maltrato racial que experimenta en el sur.

• El norte representa una esperanza, aunque el poeta todavía no ha experimentado esa vida personalmente.

En Jacksonville, aproximadamente 6,000 afroamericanos participaron en esta migración entre 1916 y 1917, según tu profesor.

Discrimination in the North

La migración no eliminó el racismo.

• Black men: frecuentemente solo podían conseguir trabajos no cualificados, pesados, sucios y mal pagados.

• Black women: tenían oportunidades laborales muy limitadas y muchas trabajaban en servicio doméstico (domestic service), cocinando, limpiando o cuidando niños.

• Black middle class: algunos afroamericanos de clase media del norte rechazaban a los nuevos migrantes, a quienes consideraban menos educados o menos refinados.

• Racial violence: la competencia por viviendas y otros conflictos contribuyeron a ataques raciales en ciudades del norte.

Tu profesor menciona los disturbios raciales de Chicago de 1919. El incidente comenzó después de que un joven afroamericano nadara cerca de una zona reservada informalmente para blancos y posteriormente muriera ahogado.

Results of the Great Migration

Aunque encontraron discriminación, muchos migrantes permanecieron en el norte y animaron a sus familiares y amigos a seguirlos.

La migración contribuyó a:

• El crecimiento de las comunidades afroamericanas urbanas.

• El desarrollo de barrios como Harlem, New York, y el South Side de Chicago.

• La formación de comunidades que impulsaron la actividad política, cultural y artística.

Para memorizar: The Great Migration = African Americans leave the South seeking jobs and greater freedom, but continue to face discrimination in the North.

2. The Harlem Renaissance (El Renacimiento de Harlem)

What was it?

El Harlem Renaissance fue un movimiento cultural, intelectual y artístico afroamericano que se desarrolló especialmente durante los años veinte. Harlem, un barrio de Nueva York, se convirtió en un importante centro de escritores, artistas, poetas y músicos afroamericanos.

Su objetivo era celebrar la identidad afroamericana y demostrar sus contribuciones a la cultura estadounidense.

The New Negro Movement

El New Negro Movement promovía una nueva generación de afroamericanos que rechazaba aceptar la discriminación como algo normal.

Tu profesor lo contrasta con las ideas de Booker T. Washington.

El movimiento buscaba una especie de “second emancipation” (segunda emancipación): no solamente libertad física, sino también liberación mental y espiritual de la opresión y la discriminación.

Social goals

Según el texto de A. Philip Randolph y Chandler Owen que tu profesor menciona, el movimiento defendía la absolute and unequivocal social equality (igualdad social absoluta e inequívoca).

La idea principal es que una sociedad basada en la justicia no puede mantener una igualdad limitada o condicionada.

Art and music

Las expresiones culturales del Harlem Renaissance incluían:

• Jazz: una forma musical que tuvo un papel central en la vida cultural de Harlem.

• Literature and poetry: obras que exploraban la identidad afroamericana.

• Painting and sculpture: arte que celebraba la experiencia y la identidad negra.

Tu profesor destaca que muchas obras utilizaban colores vivos, líneas angulares, movimiento y escenas de interacción social. Estas características contrastaban con algunos estilos europeos de los siglos XIX y principios del XX.

También menciona el Cotton Club, uno de los clubes de jazz más conocidos de Harlem.

Para memorizar: The Harlem Renaissance celebrated Black identity, artistic achievement, and African Americans’ contributions to American culture.

3. The New Woman and the Flapper

Why did the New Woman emerge?

La New Woman representaba los cambios en las expectativas sociales para las mujeres durante los años veinte.

Tu profesor explica tres razones principales:

• Women’s suffrage: las mujeres obtuvieron el derecho al voto a nivel nacional en 1920 mediante la Decimonovena Enmienda. Sin embargo, muchas mujeres afroamericanas del sur todavía enfrentaban obstáculos racistas para ejercer ese derecho.

• Higher education: más mujeres asistían a la universidad, por lo que algunas retrasaban el matrimonio y la maternidad.

• Careers: más mujeres buscaban empleos y carreras en lugar de casarse inmediatamente después de terminar la escuela secundaria.

Estos cambios no significaban que todas las mujeres rechazaran el matrimonio o la familia. Muchas simplemente retrasaban esas decisiones o buscaban más independencia.

The flapper stereotype

La flapper era la imagen popular de la mujer moderna de los años veinte.

Características asociadas con ella:

• Short hair: cabello corto.

• Shorter, fitted dresses: vestidos más cortos y ajustados.

• No corset: abandono del corsé tradicional.

• Smoking and drinking: fumar cigarrillos y beber alcohol en público.

• Dancing to jazz: bailar música jazz.

• Red lipstick: usar lápiz labial rojo, asociado en aquella época con una expresión más abierta de la sexualidad femenina.

Estas conductas escandalizaban a algunos sectores conservadores porque desafiaban las normas tradicionales de feminidad.

Why was the flapper controversial?

La flapper simbolizaba la independencia personal, la libertad social y el cambio de las normas de género.

La ropa, el maquillaje, el baile y el consumo de alcohol se interpretaban como señales de que algunas mujeres estaban rechazando las expectativas tradicionales.

Para memorizar: The New Woman challenged traditional gender roles; the flapper became her popular cultural symbol.

4. Prohibition (La Ley Seca)

What was Prohibition?

La Prohibition comenzó con la Decimoctava Enmienda (18th Amendment), que prohibió la fabricación, venta y transporte de bebidas alcohólicas en Estados Unidos.

Entró en vigor en 1920.

Why did supporters want to ban alcohol?

Los defensores de la prohibición pensaban que eliminar el alcohol ayudaría a:

• Reducir el crimen.

• Mejorar la moral de la nación.

• Reducir la violencia doméstica.

• Aumentar la productividad de los trabajadores.

Why did Prohibition fail?

La prohibición no eliminó el consumo de alcohol. Muchas personas continuaron bebiendo de manera ilegal.

Conceptos importantes:

• Speakeasies: establecimientos clandestinos donde se vendía o consumía alcohol.

• Bootleggers: personas que producían, transportaban o vendían alcohol ilegalmente.

• Organized crime: grupos criminales que ganaron dinero con el comercio ilegal de alcohol.

• Moonshine: alcohol producido ilegalmente, a menudo en zonas rurales o montañosas.

Connection to NASCAR

Los contrabandistas de alcohol modificaban sus automóviles para hacerlos más rápidos y facilitar que escaparan de las autoridades.

Con el tiempo, las carreras de estos automóviles contribuyeron al desarrollo de la cultura de las carreras de autos de serie (stock car racing), relacionada con los orígenes de NASCAR.

Tu profesor también menciona las primeras carreras en Daytona Beach, Florida.

End of Prohibition

La Twenty-first Amendment (21st Amendment), ratificada en 1933, derogó la Decimoctava Enmienda.

La prohibición fracasó porque el consumo de alcohol continuó, surgieron redes de distribución ilegal y los grupos criminales se beneficiaron económicamente.

Para memorizar: Prohibition intended to reduce crime and improve morality, but it encouraged illegal alcohol sales and strengthened organized crime.

5. The First Red Scare (El Primer Temor Rojo)

What was the First Red Scare?

El First Red Scare fue un período de temor al radicalismo político en Estados Unidos, especialmente alrededor de 1919–1920, después de la Primera Guerra Mundial.

Muchas personas temían que revolucionarios comunistas intentaran derrocar al gobierno estadounidense.

El miedo se dirigió principalmente contra dos grupos:

• Immigrants: inmigrantes, especialmente los procedentes de regiones que algunos estadounidenses consideraban sospechosas o poco asimiladas.

• Suspected radicals: personas sospechosas de apoyar ideas radicales, incluidos socialistas, comunistas y algunos sindicalistas.

Three causes of the First Red Scare

Según tu profesor, las principales causas fueron:

• Unemployment: los soldados regresaron de la guerra buscando empleo al mismo tiempo que las empresas cancelaban contratos militares y despedían trabajadores.

• Labor unrest: los trabajadores protestaban por los bajos salarios, las malas condiciones y las jornadas laborales. En 1919 hubo aproximadamente 3,600 huelgas y unos cuatro millones de trabajadores participaron en ellas, según la clase.

• Fear of revolution: la Revolución rusa y el temor al comunismo hicieron que muchos estadounidenses sospecharan que las huelgas y los conflictos laborales eran parte de una conspiración revolucionaria.

La prensa y algunos políticos culpaban a los inmigrantes y a los comunistas de fomentar la inestabilidad.

The Palmer Raids

El fiscal general A. Mitchell Palmer organizó redadas conocidas como los Palmer Raids.

Durante estas operaciones:

• Las autoridades arrestaron a miles de personas sospechosas de radicalismo.

• Muchas fueron perseguidas por sus ideas políticas o por sus supuestos vínculos con movimientos radicales.

• Se produjeron detenciones y deportaciones sin garantías adecuadas en numerosos casos.

Tu profesor enfatiza que muchas personas fueron arrestadas por lo que las autoridades pensaban que podrían hacer, no porque se hubiera demostrado que habían cometido un delito.

La clase menciona alrededor de 6,000 arrestos y destaca que las autoridades no encontraron la conspiración revolucionaria que buscaban.

Why is the First Red Scare important?

Demuestra cómo el miedo al comunismo y a la revolución llevó a las autoridades a restringir libertades civiles y a perseguir a inmigrantes y activistas políticos.

Para memorizar: The First Red Scare was fueled by unemployment, labor strikes, and fear of communism. The Palmer Raids targeted suspected radicals.

6. Immigration Restrictions (Restricciones a la inmigración)

Why did some Americans want to restrict immigration?

Después de la Primera Guerra Mundial, el nacionalismo y el miedo al radicalismo contribuyeron al apoyo de restricciones migratorias.

Algunos estadounidenses consideraban que los nuevos inmigrantes amenazaban los valores y la cultura del país.

La idea de que ciertos grupos eran menos estadounidenses que otros se relacionaba con el nativism.

• Nativism: preferencia por los habitantes nativos del país y hostilidad hacia los inmigrantes.

• Immigration quotas: límites al número de inmigrantes permitidos desde determinados países.

The Johnson-Reed Act of 1924

La ley conocida como Johnson-Reed Act (Immigration Act of 1924) estableció cuotas nacionales muy restrictivas.

Su sistema favorecía a inmigrantes de determinados países europeos y limitaba especialmente la inmigración procedente de Europa meridional y oriental. También excluía a muchos inmigrantes asiáticos mediante otras disposiciones de la legislación.

El objetivo era limitar y cambiar la composición de la inmigración hacia Estados Unidos.

Connection to the First Red Scare

El miedo al radicalismo y las actitudes nativistas se reforzaban mutuamente:

• Algunos inmigrantes eran considerados sospechosos de apoyar el comunismo.

• Algunos estadounidenses culpaban a los inmigrantes por los problemas económicos y laborales.

• Las restricciones migratorias se presentaban como una forma de proteger la nación.

Para memorizar: Nativism and fear of radicalism encouraged immigration restrictions, including the Johnson-Reed Act of 1924.

7. The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and the Culture Wars

The KKK in the 1920s

El Ku Klux Klan (KKK) resurgió durante los años veinte. No se dirigía únicamente contra los afroamericanos: también atacaba a otros grupos que consideraba contrarios a sus ideales de una sociedad estadounidense tradicional.

Entre sus objetivos estaban:

• African Americans.

• Immigrants.

• Catholics and Jews.

• People considerados radicales o contrarios a sus valores morales.

El Klan defendía una visión de Estados Unidos basada en el supremacismo blanco, el nativismo y el protestantismo.

How did the KKK change its public image?

Según tu profesor, el Klan intentó presentarse como una organización respetable y patriótica.

• Organizó marchas públicas, incluso en Washington, D. C.

• Buscó atraer a más miembros mediante una imagen de defensa de los valores tradicionales.

• A pesar de esa imagen pública, continuó vinculado a la violencia, la intimidación y el vigilantismo.

La clase menciona que el Klan llegó a tener millones de miembros durante esta época.

The culture wars

Las culture wars fueron conflictos entre personas con diferentes ideas sobre cómo debía ser la sociedad estadounidense.

En los años veinte, algunos defendían una sociedad más moderna y libre, mientras que otros querían preservar los valores tradicionales.

La prohibición, las restricciones migratorias y el resurgimiento del KKK reflejan distintas reacciones frente a los cambios sociales de la época.

Why did the KKK lose support?

Tu profesor también menciona escándalos criminales que dañaron la imagen del Klan y debilitaron su pretensión de defender la moral tradicional. La exposición no contiene suficientes detalles claros para identificar con seguridad todos los casos.

Para memorizar: The KKK promoted white supremacy and nativism while presenting itself as a defender of traditional American values.

Repaso general para tu práctica

Estas son las conexiones principales que debes saber explicar.

Key concepts to memorize

The Great Migration

Los afroamericanos abandonaron el sur buscando empleo y mejores oportunidades, pero continuaron enfrentando discriminación en el norte.

Harlem Renaissance

Movimiento artístico e intelectual que celebró la identidad afroamericana y sus contribuciones a Estados Unidos.

New Woman / Flapper

Representaba los cambios en la educación, el trabajo, la moda y las expectativas sociales de las mujeres.

Prohibition

La prohibición del alcohol no eliminó su consumo; impulsó el comercio ilegal y benefició al crimen organizado.

First Red Scare

El temor al comunismo provocó redadas, arrestos y persecución de personas sospechosas de radicalismo.

Johnson-Reed Act of 1924

Restringió la inmigración mediante cuotas nacionales y reflejó el nativismo de la época.

KKK and Culture Wars

El Klan promovía la supremacía blanca y el nativismo mientras afirmaba defender los valores tradicionales.

Fechas importantes

Practica como si estuvieras en el examen

Te recomiendo empezar con estas preguntas de opción múltiple. Están basadas en los temas de tu profesor.

Chapter 21 Quiz

7 questions

Elige una respuesta para cada pregunta. Después presiona “Check answers” para ver tu resultado y las explicaciones en español.

1. What was one major reason African Americans participated in the Great Migration?

A. To escape racial discrimination and find industrial jobs

B. To support Prohibition

C. To avoid attending school

2. What was the main goal of the Harlem Renaissance?

A. To restrict immigration

B. To celebrate Black identity and cultural contributions

C. To restore segregation

3. What did the flapper symbolize?

A. A return to traditional women’s roles

B. The end of jazz music

C. Changing women’s roles and greater social freedom

4. What was an unintended consequence of Prohibition?

A. The growth of illegal alcohol sales and organized crime

B. The complete elimination of alcohol consumption

C. The end of all criminal activity

5. What fueled the First Red Scare?

A. The Harlem Renaissance alone

B. Fear of communism, unemployment, and labor unrest

C. The repeal of the 18th Amendment

6. What did the Johnson-Reed Act of 1924 do?

A. Established women’s suffrage

B. Legalized alcohol

C. Restricted immigration through national-origin quotas

7. Which statement best describes the KKK in the 1920s?

A. It promoted racial equality

B. It promoted white supremacy and nativism

C. It led the Harlem Renaissance

Check answers