nutritional studies: Carbohydrates

\ carbohydrate: hydrated carbon

CH2On

monosaccharides: more soluble and reactive, simpler structure

oligosaccharides: monosaccharide units combined

heteroglycan vs homoglycan: first has different subunits

pentoses(C5H10O5): arabinose, xylose, ribose

hexoses(C6H12O6):glucose(dextrose), fructose(levulose), galactose, mannose

D-sedoheptulose: 7 carbon monosaccharid

isomer: have compounds with similar chemical formula, with different structure/order of OH

sugars exist in cyclic structures

glucose forms a pyranose ring

fructose forms a furanose ring

ring structure in 2 isomeric forms (Alpha and Beta)

disaccharides(C12H22O11): on hydrolysis yields 2 molecules of hexoses. sucrose (hydrolyized by sucrase), maltose (hydrolysed by amylase), lactose(hydrolized by lactase), cellobiose(hydrolized by enzymes cellulase)

trisaccharides: raffinose(hydrolysis yields glucose, fructose, and galactose), ketose (yields fructose and galactose residues), stachyose.

polysaccharides: large number of pentose and hexose residues, occurs in plants as reserve food material or as structural materials(starch and cellulose).

starch: amylose(soluble in water), amylopectin(insoluble in water), glycogen(animal starch, soluble in water)

D-OH on right, L-OH on left

cellulose: major componant of plant cells, most abundant CHO in nature, degraded by microbes

inulin: fructose units, soluble in water, reserve plant material, degraded only by microbes

beta-glucans: found in cell walls of barley, oats,and yeast. absorbes water and forms gel, reduces rate of feed passage and feed consumption, reduces digestive efficiency, may cause sticky or wet feces in pigs and poultry.

fructans: reserve material in roots,stems,and leaves, hydrolized into fructose and some glucose

Galactans and mannans

hemicellulose: complex mixture of glucose, mannose, arabinose, and galactose, degraded only by microbial enzymes

pectin: degraded only by microbial enzymes, abundant in soft tissues, soluble in water, possese immense gelling properties and used in jams

exudant gums and acid mucilages of plant wounds, barks, leaves, roots and seeds

hyaluronic acid and chondroitin are found in skin, synovial fluid, and umbilical cord.

functions, energy and building blocks of other nutrients

deficiency symptoms: lethargy, poor growth, isolation, reduction in feed cunsumption, morbidity and mortality

\ \ lipids

lipids: a group of substances which are found in plants and animal tissue. insoluble in water but soluble in common organic solvants (ex: benzine, chloraform)

-act as: electron carriers, substrate carriers in enzmatic reactions, componants of biological membranes, sources and stores of energy

plant lipid type: structural lipid found in membranes and protective surface layers, storage lipids in seeds and fruits as triacylglycerol

over 300 fatty acids, common alpha linolecic, palmitic, and oleic acids

\ animal storage lipids mainly fats and adipose tissue

animal structural lipids of animal tissue found as phosphoglycerides of adipse tissue, muscle and liver

most important non glyceride made of cholesterol and cholesterol esters

\ fat vs oil

structure same

melting points fats higher

chemical reactivity fats lower

similar ability for energy provision

\ function fats/oils: supply energy, thermal insulator, source of heat for thermoregulation

3: triacylglycerol most reactive

position of esterfication impacts enzyme activity (sn 1,2,3)

triacylglerol predominant but mono and diacylglycerol exist

nature and position of fatty acid residues determines properties of specific triacylglcerols

most fatty acid even number carbon atoms

mjorty contain single carboxyl groups and unbranched carbon chain

carbon chain may be sat or unsaturated

unsaturated contain monoenoic, dienoic, trienoic, or polyenoic bouble bonds

PUFA: fatty acid with more than one double bond

-lower melting points and more chemically reactive than Saturated fatty acid

r group in begining of formula and composed of C and H

deficiencies: growth retardation, increased water consumption, increased suceptibility to bacterial infections, sterility, less stable biomembranes, capillary fragility, kidney damage, haematuria, hypertension, decreased visual acuity, decreased myocardial contractility, decreased atp synthesis in liver and heart, decreased nitrogen retention, increased permeability to water

linoleic and alpha linolenic acids: part of various membranes, play part in lipid transport and lipoprotien anzymes, source of materials for synthesis of eicosanoids, source of (eicosapentaenoic) EPA and DHA acids

hydrolysis reactions,oxidation reaction, hydrogenation

\ phosphoglyceride properties: white waxy, insoluble, hydrolyzed, emulsifying agents

wax properties: non polar, long chain fatty acid, solid, mixtures, protective, hydropobic nature

\ Protiens contain: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur

each specis have own proteins

Amino acids: amino group(NH2) acidic carboxyl unit(-COOH)

amino acids hydrolized by enzymes or alkali

20 amino acids commonly found in proteins

special amino acid: collagen(fibrous protein of connective tissue) ex.hydroxy:proline, lysine. tyrosine derivatives(hormone and componant of thyroglobulin) ex:triiodothyronine, tetraiodothyronine. derivative of glutamic acid(thrombin blood clotting agent) ex. carboxyglutamic acid. neurotransmitter and found in silage ex. aminobutyric acid. sulphur containing amino acid cysteine.

common amino acid groups: monoamino-monocarboxylic acids, monoamino-dicarboxylic acids and amine derivatives, basic amino acids, aromatic and heterocyclic amino acids

\ monoamino-monocarboxylic acids: glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, serine, threonine, isoleucine

monoamino-dicarboxylic acids and amine derivatives: aspartic acid, asparagine\

basic amino acids: lysine, arginine, histidine

aromatic and heterocyclic amino acid: tryptophan, phenylalanine

properties: amphoteric (acidic and basic properties), uncharged molecules or as dipolar ions, zwitter ions, acid mainly cation, alkaline mainly anions, isoelectric point(ph value for amino acid which is electrically neutral, act as buffers, all optically active except glycine.

essential amino acids: which the carbon skeletons cannot be synthesized in animal body

chicks require glycine

birds require arginine

pigs dont require arginine

rapidly growing animals may respond to supplimental arginine

cats require arginine, taurine

in ruminents all eaa can essentially be synthesized in functional rumen

for max productivity microbial protein must be supplemented in a form that allows it to escape rumen microbial degradation and modifications

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