02.-INORGANIC-CHEMISTRY

Gases and Their Colors

  • Color Coding of Gases:

    • Carbon Dioxide: Gray

    • Oxygen: Green

    • Helium: Brown

    • Nitrogen: Black

    • Nitrous Oxide: Blue

    • Vacuum: White

    • Waste Anesthetic Gas Disposal: Purple

    • Hydrogen: Red

    • Acetylene: Maroon

    • Argon: Dark Green

    • Chlorine: Yellow

Flame Test Colors for Elements

  • Element and Their Flame Colors:

    • Arsenic (As): Blue

    • Boron (B): Bright Green

    • Barium (Ba): Pale/Apple Green

    • Calcium (Ca): Brick Red

    • Cesium (Cs): Blue-Violet

    • Copper I (Cu+1): Blue

    • Copper II (non-halide): Green

    • Copper II (halide): Blue Green

    • Iron (Fe): Gold

    • Indium (In): Blue

    • Potassium (K): Lilac

    • Lithium (Li): Crimson

    • Manganese (Mn): Yellow Green

    • Sodium (Na): Intense Yellow

    • Phosphorus (P): Pale Bluish Green

    • Lead (Pb): Blue

    • Antimony (Sb): Pale Green

    • Selenium (Se): Azure Blue

    • Strontium (Sr): Red

    • Thallium (Tl): Pure Green

    • Zinc (Zn): Bluish Green

Hydrogen and Its Properties

  • Hydrogen (H):

    • Nonmetal, lightest element

    • Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas

    • Diffuses rapidly, absorbed by metals through metal hydride formation.

Isotopes of Hydrogen

  • Types of Isotopes:

    1. 1H - Protium (most abundant, no neutrons)

    2. 2H - Deuterium (naturally occurring, 1 neutron)

    3. 3H - Tritium (synthetic, 2 neutrons)

Strong and Weak Acids

  • Strong Acids: (Inorganic)

    • Examples: HCl, HClO3, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4

  • Weak Acids: (Organic)

    • Examples: Oxalic acid, benzoic acid, acetic acid, formic acid

  • Exemptions of Weak Acids:

    • HF, H3BO4, H3PO4, HNO2, H2SO3

Production Methods of Hydrogen Gas

  • Hydrogen Production Methods (EXCEPT):

    • Haber’s Process: Produces ammonia

    • Electrolysis of Water: H2O breakdown into Hydrogen gas and Oxygen

    • Hydrolysis of Metal Hydrides

    • Interaction with Superheated Steam and Red Hot Iron

Pharmaceutical Uses of Hydrogen

  1. Not a therapeutic agent

  2. Active reducing forms used in synthetic and analytic operations

  3. Oxide (H2O) in varying purities and as 3% peroxide

  4. Common to all official acids

  5. Found in ammonia and ammonium salts, NaOH, hydrates

Water Characteristics and Uses

  • Water (H2O):

    • Odorless, tasteless, clear liquid (greenish blue in deep layers)

    • Covers 70% of human body

    • Types: Heavy water (D2O)

    • Other Examples: Calcium hydroxide (lime water)

Types of Naturally Occurring Water

  1. Mineral Water: Contains key minerals

  2. Lithia Water: Contains lithium

  3. Alkaline Water: Contains NaHCO3

  4. Saline Water: Contains NaCl

  5. Carbonated Water: Contains carbonates

  6. Sulfur Water: Contains sulfur

  7. Chalybeate Water: Contains iron

  8. Siliceous Water: Contains silica

  9. Potable Water: Fit for drinking

Types and Hardness of Water

  • Soft Water: Contains Na and K

  • Hard Water Types:

    1. Temporary: Bicarbonate; removable by boiling

    2. Permanent: Sulfate and Chloride; removed by ion exchange resin

Water Purification Methods

  1. Coagulation, settling, and filtration

  2. Aeration and chlorination

  3. Aeration and charcoal filtration

  4. Softening of hard water via precipitation/ion exchange

  5. Boiling (15-20 mins) or chlorinating with Halazone

Official Waters

  • Water USP: Used for making solutions, tinctures, extracts

  • Purified Water USP: Obtained by distillation; not for parenteral use

  • Sterile Purified Water: Purified & sterilized

  • Water for Injection USP: Distilled, pyrogen tested, for parenteral solutions

  • Sterile Water for Inhalation/Irrigation: Used in medical settings

Deuterium Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide

  • Deuterium Oxide (Heavy Water, D2O)

  • Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2):

    • Antiseptic properties when diluted (3-6%)

    • Used for cleansing wounds, available as aqueous solutions (3-90% H2O2)

Alkali and Coinage Metals

  • Group I-A (Alkali Metals): Highly reactive, forms +1 cation.

    • Examples: Li, Na, K (with respective uses and properties)

  • Group I-B (Coinage Metals): Examples include Cu, Ag, Au

    • Cu: 3rd best conductor, used in various applications including alloyed forms

Copper Properties

  • Best conductor of electricity, reacts with various elements to form significant alloys like brass and bronze.

  • Common Uses:

    • Bordeaux mixture for cleaning swimming pools

    • Anti-infective properties in compounds like Scheele’s green

Silver and Gold

  • Silver (Ag): Antiseptic, protein precipitant, found in medicinal forms

  • Gold (Aurum): Best conductor, used in various therapeutic applications for disorders.

Alkaline Earth Metals and Their Uses

  • Barium: Used in medical imaging; toxic if internal.

  • Calcium: Essential for bone health; common interactions involve vitamin D.

  • Magnesium: Found in chlorophyll and has vital biological roles, commonly used for gastrointestinal effects.