TCW MOD 5

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MODULE 5 — THE NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE, GLOBAL INEQUALITY & ASIAN REGIONALISM

1. Regionalism
→ Ideolohiya o sistema na nagbibigay-diin sa lokal/rehiyonal na identity, interests, at independent planning kaysa sa central/national system.

2. Northern Hemisphere
→ Kabilang dito ang:

  • North America

  • Northern part of South America

  • Europe

  • Northern 2/3 ng Africa

  • Most of Asia

3. Southern Hemisphere
→ Kabilang dito ang:

  • Most of South America

  • 1/3 ng Africa

  • Australia

  • Antarctica

  • Some Asian islands

GLOBAL INEQUALITY

Short description:
→ Hindi pantay ang access ng mga bansa at tao sa income, education, healthcare, opportunities, at resources.

COVID-19 Vaccine Example

  • Developed economies nakakuha ng mahigit kalahati ng vaccine doses.

  • Third World countries nahirapang makakuha dahil sa kakulangan ng resources.

  • Projection sa notes: USA – 75% vaccinated in 3 months, samantalang South Africa – 10 years para maabot ang 75%.

Oxfam

Oxfam → Transnational non-state actor na lumalaban sa poverty at inequality. Ang pangalan ay mula sa Oxford Committee for Famine Relief, na itinatag sa Britain noong 1942.

Importanteng Inequality Facts

  • 1% richest people → nagmamay-ari ng humigit-kumulang kalahati ng global wealth.

  • Halos kalahati ng global population → nabubuhay sa less than $5.50/day.

  • Around 10,000 people/day → namamatay dahil walang access sa basic healthcare.

  • Around 100 million → napupunta sa kahirapan dahil sa healthcare costs.

  • Super-rich → maaaring makapagbayad ng 30% less sa tax liability.

  • Around 258 million children → deprived of schooling.

  • 22 richest men → kayamanang comparable sa lahat ng women sa Africa.

SOCIAL INEQUALITY

Short description:
→ Hindi pantay na treatment, resources, opportunities, at power sa society. Sinusuri ito gamit ang class, race, at gender.

3 Social Classes

  1. High Income Class – mataas ang income/resources

  2. Middle Income Class – nasa gitnang income level

  3. Lower Income Class – mababa ang income at mas vulnerable sa poverty

4Ps

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps)
→ Government safety-net program para tulungan ang mahihirap at vulnerable families.

Main goals:

  • Reduce poverty

  • Improve school attendance

  • Improve child health & nutrition

  • Support pregnant women and young children

  • Help families become self-sufficient

2026 benefits na nasa notes:

  • Health grant – approx. ₱750/month/household

  • Education:

    • Elementary – ₱300/month

    • Junior High – ₱500/month

    • Senior High – ₱700/month

  • Rice subsidy – ₱500/month

  • F1KD cash grant – increased from ₱350 → ₱750/month

  • Family Development Sessions → parenting, health/nutrition, financial literacy, disaster preparedness, child protection.

GENDER & RACIAL INEQUALITY

Gender inequality
→ Men and women do not always have equal access to education, employment, political participation, healthcare, pay, and legal protection.

Examples:

  • Women are underrepresented in politics.

  • Men have greater access to some education/employment opportunities.

  • Female employees may receive lower pay.

  • More work is needed to achieve equality.

Racial inequality
→ Racial discrimination can appear in political, legal, educational, and economic systems, including systemic discrimination in the USA.

THE GLOBAL SOUTH: LATIN AMERICA

Short description:
→ Ipinapakita ng Latin America ang economic at political gap sa pagitan ng mas developed na North at mas economically vulnerable na South.

North America

Main economies:

  • Canada

  • USA

  • Mexico

Main industries:

  1. Extractive – mining & agriculture

  2. Manufacturing

  3. Services – finance, healthcare, entertainment, hospitality, engineering

USA
→ Pioneer sa Information Age at isang major force sa global economy.
→ American Dream = belief na maaaring magkaroon ng upward mobility through hard work.

SOUTH AMERICA

Common problems:

  • Persistent poverty

  • Unequal distribution of wealth

  • Low per capita income

  • Poor infrastructure

  • Limited modern technology

Countries with high poverty incidence (2019)

  • Suriname

  • Bolivia

  • Guyana

  • Venezuela

Venezuela

→ Dating prosperous dahil sa petroleum/oil exports.
→ Naging dependent sa oil economy.
→ Nagkaroon ng economic crisis at hyperinflation.
→ 2018 inflation: 80,000% ayon sa notes.

Brazil

→ Member ng BRICS:
Brazil
Russia
India
China
South Africa

→ Lumakas ang influence nito dahil sa economic development at trade.
→ Sa panahon ni Lula da Silva, naging notable ang efforts ng Brazil laban sa poverty.

Problems in Latin America

Narcopolitics → paggamit/influence ng politics para suportahan o maimpluwensyahan ang illegal drug trade.

→ Mayroon ding military interference sa politics.
→ Argentina, Chile, at Brazil ay dating heavily influenced ng military, pero tinanggap na ang civilian control.

INCLUSIVE vs. EXTRACTIVE INSTITUTIONS

Inclusive Institution
→ Maraming tao ang nakikilahok sa economic at political processes.

Extractive Institution
→ Inaalis o nililimitahan ang malaking bahagi ng population sa economic at political participation.

Easy memory:
Inclusive = INCLUDED ang tao
Extractive = EXCLUDED ang tao

GLOBAL ASIA & ASEAN REGIONALISM

Short description:
→ Asia ay mahalagang center ng global trade, manufacturing, services, at regional cooperation.

China & India

  • China → manufacturing hub of the world

  • India → strong service sector, especially Information Technology

Asian Economic Miracles

East Asian countries such as:

  • Taiwan

  • China

  • Japan

  • South Korea

→ Nakaranas ng remarkable economic progress at improvement sa living conditions, partly through open-market systems.

ASEAN

ASEAN = Association of Southeast Asian Nations

Short description:
→ Regional organization na nagpo-promote ng economic cooperation, free trade, political collaboration, at peace sa Southeast Asia.

Importance:

  • Nag-promote ng free trade.

  • Nakatulong sa economic development.

  • Nagdala ng greater regional peace and cooperation.

  • Nagbibigay ng venue para makipag-dialogue ang Southeast Asian states at major powers.

Examples

Vietnam → significantly lowered poverty incidence over a period of 30 years.
Indonesia → malaking potential dahil sa youthful population.

Cultural Diversity

Southeast Asia is culturally diverse, with different religions including:

  • 240 million Muslims

  • 130 million Christians

  • 140 million Buddhists

  • 7 million Hindus

ASEAN & Geopolitical Issues

ASEAN faces challenges from:

  • South China Sea tensions

  • Taiwan issue

  • North Korea–South Korea conflict

South China Sea is important because of:

  • Fishing areas

  • Possible crude oil and natural gas

  • Strategic shipping lanes

⭐ SUPER SHORT MEMORY GUIDE

Regionalism → regional interests/cooperation
Global inequality → unequal wealth, opportunities, healthcare, education
Oxfam → fights poverty/inequality
Social inequality → class + race + gender
4Ps → government support for poor/vulnerable families
North America → developed/economic powerhouse
South America → poverty + unequal wealth + economic vulnerability
Venezuela → oil dependence + hyperinflation
Brazil → BRICS + rising regional power
Narcopolitics → politics + illegal drug trade
Inclusive → people INCLUDED
Extractive → people EXCLUDED
China → manufacturing
India → IT/services
ASEAN → regional peace + economic cooperation
South China Sea → fishing + oil/gas + strategic shipping lanes