Science

Heredity - passing of traits from parents to offspring

Genetics - The science that deals with the study of heredity

DNA - a double helix molecule

The sides - made up of sugar and phosphate

The steps - made up of nitrogen base pairs

G - guanine

C - cytosine

A - adenine

T - thynine

Gene - is a length of DNA that codes for a particular protein

Histones - a special protein that tightly coiled around DNA that make up the chromosomes

Chromosomes - found inside the nucleus of the cell

Mitosis - replication and dividing of cells

Diploid - double

Haploid - half

Meiosis - the process by which sex cells divide and shuffle their genetic material

Sex chromosomes - determine the sex of an individual

22th chromosomes are called autosomes

23th chromosomes are called sex chromosomes

Variation - combination of sex cells during fertilization

Mutations - the permanent change of DNA / a physical manifestation of changes in the biochemical level

Alleles - genes that have 2 or more variations

Genotype - the actual set of genes carried by the organism

Phenotype - the physical characteristics

Homozygous - two alleles are the same or identical

Heterozygous - two alleles are different

Dominant alleles - strong influence

Reccesive - weak influence

Somatic mutation - occurs in any body cell except the the reproductive cell / not passed on an offspring

Germ mutation - occurs in reproductive cell / may be passed to generation to generation

Gregor mendel - proposed the non-mendelian inheritance proposed in 1865 at a pea plant

• Independent assortment - traits are inherited to independent to each other

• dominant - only shows one trait while the other is hidden

• segregation - the opposite traits are separated into different offspring

Josef kolreuter - crossed pure red and white carnation creating pink (blend) in 1760

Incomplete dominance - occurs when one alleles is unable to express it's full phenotype in a homozygous invidual

Codominace - a situation in Which both alleles are equally strong and both alleles are visible in the hybrid genotype

Multiple alleles - a gene with more than two alleles

Epistasis - interaction between two or more genes to control a single phenotype result in an inheritance pattern

Modifier - the action of one gene is modified by one or several other gene

Epistatic - the gene that does modifying

Hypostatic - the gene that is modified

Thomas hunt Morgan - studied genetic variation in fruit fly in 1910