Unit 1: Geography of Georgia/Georgia's Beginnings
- Standards and Elements:
- SS8G1
- SS8H1
Unit 2: Exploration and Georgia's Colonization
- Standards and Elements:
- SS8H1 (b. and c.)
- SS8G1 (d.)
- SS8H2
Unit 3: Statehood, Revolution, and Westward Expansion
- Standards and Elements:
- SS8H3
- SS8H4
- SS8H5
- SS8E2 (a.)
Unit 4: Civil War and Reconstruction
- Standards and Elements:
- SS8H5
- SS8H6
- SS8E1
- SS8E2 (a.)
Unit 5: The New South
- Standards and Elements:
- SS8H7
- SS8E3
Page 3: Geography of Georgia
Location:
- Region: South, Southeast
- Nation (Country): U.S.A.
- Continent: North America
- Hemispheres: Northern and Western
Physiographic Regions: Georgia is divided into five regions:
1. Coastal Plain
2. Piedmont
3. Blue Ridge
4. Valley and Ridge
5. Appalachian Plateau
Climate:
- Warm and humid temperate climate conducive to both farming and tourism.
Page 4: Key Physical Features of Georgia
Fall Line:
- Divides Coastal Plain and Piedmont.
- Prime agricultural land is found north and south of the Fall Line.
Okefenokee Swamp:
- The largest freshwater wetland in Georgia.
Appalachian Mountains:
- Home to Brasstown Bald, the highest peak in Georgia at 4,786 feet above sea level.
- Mountain area is the highest and wettest part of Georgia, supplying drinking water through rivers.
Rivers: Chattahoochee and Savannah:
- Important for drinking water, transportation, and hydroelectric power.
Barrier Islands:
- Significant for tourism and housing industries like paper production and fishing.
Page 5: Georgia’s Beginnings
Early Native American Cultures (Four Periods):
1. Paleo Indians:
- Lasted about 10,000 years (approximately 18,000 BC to 8,000 BC).
- Nomadic hunters; used atlatl to hunt large animals.
2. Archaic Indians:
- Lasted from 8,000 to 1,000 BC.
- Semi-nomadic; advanced tools for hunting and work.
3. Woodland Indians:
- Lasted from 1,000 BC to 1,000 AD.
- Established tribes with family units, religious ceremonies, and used bows and arrows.
4. Mississippian Indians:
- Lasted from 900 AD until European explorers in the 1500s.
- Advanced societies with protected villages and Temple Mounds for worship.
Page 6: Unit 2: Exploration and GA's Colonization
Standards and Elements:
- SS8H1 (b. and c.)
- SS8G1 (d.)
- SS8H2
Page 7: European Contact
Hernando De Soto:
- Spanish explorer reached Florida and Georgia in 1540 in search of gold.
- Utilized plated armor, war horses, and dogs against Native Americans; brought diseases such as Smallpox which decimated Native populations.
Spanish Missions:
- Established on Georgia's barrier islands in 1566 as religious outposts.
Page 8: Reasons for European Exploration
England:
- Sought raw materials for manufacturing goods and establishing colonies to buffer against Spanish Florida.
- This economic policy is described as mercantilism.
France and Spain:
- Both sought gold and aimed to spread Catholicism.
Page 9: Founding of Georgia
Year and Founders:
- Founded in 1732 by James Oglethorpe, who convinced King George II to establish Georgia as a debtor colony and a source of raw materials.
Key Players:
- Tomochichi: Yamacraw Chief who assisted in the establishment of Savannah.
- Mary Musgrove: Mediator for communication and trade between British and Native Americans.
Page 10: The Trustee Period
Governance:
- Georgia governed by a group of Trustees, including Oglethorpe.
Key Settlements:
- Salzburgers from Austria founded the city of Ebenezer in 1734.
- Highland Scots settled in Darien, GA in 1735.
Malcontents:
- A group dissatisfied with the Trustees; sought land acquisition and permission to enslave people.
Page 11: GA as a Royal Colony
Oglethorpe's Departure:
- Returned to England in 1750 amid increasing conflict over slavery, rum, and gambling.
Transition to Royal Colony:
- British government ceased funding in 1752; control transferred to the king.
- Governed by: John Reynolds, Henry Ellis, and James Wright during 1752-1776.
New Policies:
- Limited land ownership; slavery gradually permitted.
Page 12: Unit 3: Statehood, Revolution, and Westward Expansion
Five Major Causes:
1. French and Indian War:
- Resulted in British territorial gains, leading to colonial discontent.
2. Proclamation of 1763:
- Restricted colonists from settling lands gained in the war.
Page 14: Causes of the American Revolution (continued)
3. Stamp Act:
- Tax on legal documents and goods causing colonial protest against "taxation without representation."
4. Intolerable Acts:
- Harsh laws in response to the Boston Tea Party; included forced quartering of soldiers and the closing of Boston Harbor.
Page 15: Declaration of Independence
Date and Significance:
- Approved on July 4, 1776, announcing the separation from Britain.
Georgia Signers:
- Lyman Hall, Button Gwinnett, George Walton.
Page 16: Video Resources
BrainPop:
- Causes of the American Revolution (Login: griffinms, Password: student)
Page 17: GA During the American Revolution
Loyalists vs. Patriots:
- Loyalists: Supported Britain; Patriots: Supported independence.
Key Battles:
- Battle of Kettle Creek:
- Led by Elijah Clarke, a significant victory against British troops.
- Siege of Savannah:
- Major failed assault by Americans and French on British-held Savannah.
Page 18: Georgia Wartime Heroes
Nancy Hart:
- Captured loyalists; first county named after a woman (Hart County).
Austin Dabney:
- Wounded at Kettle Creek; aided Clarke during battle.
Page 19: State and Federal Constitutions
Articles of Confederation:
- First governing document; weakness of federal power highlighted.
Georgia's Constitution (1777):
- Established separation of powers; voting rights limited to white men over 21 paying taxes.
U.S. Constitutional Convention (1787):
- Burgeoning governmental frameworks; GA's support was to get aid against Native Americans.
Page 20: Video Resources
BrainPop:
- American Revolution (Login: griffinms, Password: student)
University of Georgia:
- Established in 1801, first state university catering to diverse economic backgrounds.
Capital Shift:
- Moved from Savannah to Louisville for centralization post-Revolution.
Second Great Awakening:
- Birth of new churches, notably Baptist and Methodist, throughout Georgia.
Page 23: Land Policies in GA
Headright System:
- Granted land (up to 1,000 acres) per head of household.
Yazoo Land Sale (1795):
- Corruption scandal where land was sold below value, leading to public outrage.
Land Lotteries:
- Allowed white heads of households to enter for land chances.
Page 24: Impact of Technology
Cotton Gin:
- Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, revolutionized cotton processing and profitability.
Railroads:
- Facilitated rapid transport of products, boosting the economy.
Page 25: Indian Removal - Creek Nation
Treaty of New York:
- Chief Alexander McGillivray ceded land east of the Oconee River but retained west side land.
Post-Battle Land Losses:
- The Battle of Horseshoe Bend forced Creeks to surrender land, culminating with the Treaty of Indian Springs.
Page 26: Indian Removal - Cherokee Nation
Assimilation Efforts:
- Cherokee developed a written language; long held onto land until gold discoveries in 1829.
Supreme Court Ruling (Worcester v. Georgia):
- Declared Cherokee a sovereign nation yet removal occurred against their will resulting in the Trail of Tears.
Page 27: Causes of the Civil War
Slavery's Role:
- Central to Southern economic framework relying on agricultural production.
States’ Rights:
- Doctrine promoting state interests over federal proclamation, affecting governance around slavery issues.
Page 28: Additional Causes of the Civil War
Nullification:
- Southern stance against federal tariffs deemed economically detrimental.
Compromise of 1850:
- Offered concessions that included the controversial Fugitive Slave Act.
Page 29: Georgia's Response to Tensions
Georgia Platform:
- Promoted mutual concessions to reduce tensions and avoid Civil War.
Kansas-Nebraska Act:
- Allowed new territories to decide their slavery status, leading to increased conflicts over slave and free states.
Dred Scott Decision (1857):
- Ruled slaves as non-citizens, impacting debates over slavery in territories.
Page 30: The Road to Secession
Election of 1860:
- Abraham Lincoln's victory spurred fears of anti-slavery policies.
Secession Decision:
- Georgia's delegates voted for secession from the Union on January 21, 1861, despite divided opinions.
Page 31: Video Resources
BrainPop:
- Civil War Causes (Login: griffinms, Password: student)
Page 32: Key Events of the Civil War
Battle of Antietam:
- September 17, 1862; deadliest single day, Union claims victory but faces high casualties.
Emancipation Proclamation:
- Issued by Lincoln; freed slaves in rebellion territories effective January 1, 1863.
Page 33: Additional Battles
Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863):
- Union victory with heavy losses on both sides.
Battle of Chickamauga (September 1863):
- Union forces retreated after initial success; this victory led to continued tension.
Union Blockade:
- Naval strategy aimed at crippling Southern supply lines effectively during the war.
Page 34: Campaigns in Georgia
Atlanta Campaign:
- General Sherman forces Confederate retreat; city burned.
March to the Sea:
- Destructive campaign spanning 300 miles, emphasizing total warfare principles.
Page 35: Final Civil War Events
Andersonville Prison:
- Notorious for overcrowding and poor conditions; resulted in high mortality among Union soldiers.
End of the Civil War:
- General Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865.
- Approximately 620,000 casualties with extensive implications for future American policy.
Page 36: Video Resources
BrainPop:
- Civil War Causes (Login: griffinms, Password: student)
Page 37: Reconstruction
Rebuilding the Union:
- Focus on reintegration post-Civil War.
Freedmen’s Bureau:
- Organization aimed at assisting freed slaves with vital resources and job placement.
Sharecropping & Tenant Farming:
- Economic strategies for freedmen; each system varied in ownership and responsibilities.
Page 38: Changes in Government
13th Amendment:
- Abolished slavery.
14th Amendment:
- Guaranteed citizenship and equal protection under the law for freedmen.
15th Amendment:
- Granted all males the right to vote regardless of race.
Political Shift in GA:
- African Americans began participating in politics for the first time.
Page 39: Ku Klux Klan
Origin:
- Initially formed as a post-war social group; evolved into a terrorist organization targeting African Americans.
Methods:
- Use of intimidation and violence to suppress voting rights among African Americans.
Page 40: Unit 5: The New South
Standards and Elements:
- SS8H7
- SS8E3
Page 41: Georgia in a New South
Bourbon Triumvirate:
- Democratic leaders [Joseph E. Brown, Alfred H. Colquitt, John B. Gordon] focused on economic ties with the North and the maintenance of white supremacy.
Henry Grady:
- Advocated for Georgia’s development into an industrial society.
International Cotton Exposition:
- Aimed to showcase economic recovery in the South by 1895.
Page 42: Social Reform and Tensions
Tom Watson and the Populists:
- Advocacy for farmers against wealthy elite.
Rebecca Latimer Felton:
- Women’s suffrage supporter and first female U.S. senator.
1906 Atlanta Race Riot:
- Violent uprisings against African Americans, resulting in numerous casualties.
Page 43: Leo Frank Case
Accusation and Lynching:
- Convicted of murder with scant evidence; case ignited racial tensions and led to his lynching by a vigilante group.
Knights of Mary Phagan:
- Group involved in his lynching; subsequently associated with the KKK.
County Unit System:
- Political system designed to give rural counties more electoral power, deemed unconstitutional in 1962.
Page 44: Jim Crow Laws
Institutionalized Segregation:
- Laws that segregated public spaces and enforced racial discrimination.
Plessy v. Ferguson:
- Supreme Court case affirming "separate but equal" doctrine.
- Imposed barriers to voting through laws such as:
- Grandfather Clause:
- Voting allowed only to those whose forebears voted before 1867.
- Poll Tax:
- A tax required to vote.
- Property and Literacy Requirements:
- Varied requirements kept African Americans from voting.
Page 45: Civil Rights Leaders
Booker T. Washington:
- Promoted economic independence for African Americans; famous for “Atlanta Compromise” speech.
W.E.B. DuBois:
- Advocated for immediate equality through protest; opposed Washington’s acceptance of racial injustice.
Page 46: More Civil Rights Leaders
John and Lugenia Burns Hope:
- Active in civil rights and education reform; influential in founding the NAACP.
Alonzo Herndon:
- Entrepreneur who built a successful insurance company aimed at African American clients.
Page 47: World War I (WWI)
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand:
- Catalyst for the war; led to engagements between Allied Powers and Central Powers.
U.S. Entry:
- Triggered by events like the sinking of ships and the Zimmerman Telegram.
End of War:
- Germany's surrender on November 11, 1918, marking the conclusion of WWI.
Page 48: GA Contributions to WWI
Military Service:
- Approximately 100,000 Georgians volunteered.
- Training facilities established at various military bases contributed to local economies.
Casualties:
- 3,000 Georgians died in the war.
Page 49: Video Resources
BrainPop:
- World War I (Login: griffinms, Password: student)
Social Security Act (1935):
- Established old-age benefits and support for unemployed and disabled citizens.
Page 56: Video Resources
BrainPop:
- The New Deal (Login: griffinms, Password: student)
Page 57: World War II (WWII)
Global Dictatorships Rise:
- Totalitarian regimes in Germany, Japan, Italy, and the Soviet Union create international tensions.
Cascading Events:
- Germany’s ambitions and U.S. neutrality strained relations until the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
Page 58: U.S. Involvement
Lend-Lease Act:
- U.S. aid program supplying allies, transitioning the nation into wartime production.
Japan’s Attack:
- On December 7, 1941, the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor prompted U.S. entry into WWII.
Page 59: Georgia During WWII
Military Service:
- 320,000 Georgians enlisted; significant military activity bolstered local economies.
- Rationing of goods imposed to support the war effort.
Page 60: Economic Contributions
Bell Aircraft:
- Assembled B-29 bombers with over 28,000 individuals involved.
Shipyards:
- Facilitated construction of cargo ships and military-related vessels enhancing the wartime economy.
Key Figures:
- Richard Russell and Carl Vinson were critical in expanding military opportunities in Georgia.
Andrew Young:
- Key aide to MLK; later became the first African American congressman from Georgia post-Civil War.
Page 75: Video Resources
BrainPop:
- Civil Rights (Login: griffinms, Password: student)
Page 76: Georgia Since 1970
County Unit System:
- Reforms in voter representation resulting from courts mandating changes.
Jimmy Carter:
- Progressed from state senate to the presidency, focusing on reforms and international diplomacy.
Page 77: Georgia’s Two-Party System
Political Evolution:
- Transitioned from a one-party Democratic dominance pre-1970 to a competitive landscape post-reform.
Voting Changes:
- Elimination of the county unit system empowered individual votes; aided Republican growth in state politics.
Page 78: 1996 Olympic Games
Event Hosting:
- Atlanta hosted the Summer Olympics, marking a major international occasion with extensive economic benefits.
Economic Impact:
- Infrastructure improvements and significant tourism influx; 72 million visitors attracted to Georgia during the Olympics.
Page 79: Immigration to Georgia
Increased Immigration:
- Notable rise starting in 1965, with millions entering from diverse regions, significantly affecting demographics and economy.
Legal Reforms:
- 1986 legislation aimed to curb illegal immigration while acknowledging their crucial labor contributions.
Page 80: Unit 8: Government
Standards and Elements:
- SS8H12 (a. and c.)
- SS8CG1
- SS8CG2
- SS8CG3
- SS8CG4
- SS8CG5
- SS8CG6
Page 81: Georgia State Constitution
Constitution Definition:
- Set of laws that establish government. Georgia's Constitution outlines state governance framework.
Key Features:
- Includes a preamble and Bill of Rights, mirroring the U.S. Constitution structure with defined rights.
Page 82: Separation of Powers
Branches of Government:
- Legislative: Makes laws.
- Executive: Enforces laws.
- Judicial: Interprets laws.
Checks and Balances:
- System ensuring power distribution amongst branches and preventing any single entity from gaining dominance.
Page 83: Video Resources
BrainPop:
- Branches of Government (Login: griffinms, Password: student)
Page 84: Pledge of Allegiance to the Georgia Flag
Text:
- "I pledge allegiance to the Georgia flag and to the principles for which it stands; Wisdom, Justice, and Moderation."
Date Approved:
- March 28, 1935.
Principle Definitions:
- Wisdom: Good sense and beliefs guiding actions.
- Justice: Fairness and adherence to law.
- Moderation: Balance and avoidance of extremes.
Page 85: Georgia State Seal and Flag
Current State Flag:
- Adopted in 2004, featuring the state seal and thirteen stars representing original colonies.
Page 86: Rights and Responsibilities
Rights Definition:
- Laws ensuring protection and equality.
Responsibilities:
- Obligations of citizens, such as taxes and jury duties.
Rights Protection:
- Enforced through state and federal laws with consequences for violations.
Page 87: Voting Requirements
Registration Criteria:
- Minimum age of 18, U.S. citizenship, county residency prerequisites.
Voting Limitations:
- Certain criminal records and mental disabilities may restrict voting.
Election Frequency:
- General assembly elections biennially; governor and lieutenant governor elected quadrennially.
Page 88: Legislative Branch
GA’s Legislative Structure:
- Known as the General Assembly, bicameral with House of Representatives (180) and Senate (56).
Qualifications:
- Senators: Minimum of 25 years old; Representatives: 21 years old.
Major Responsibilities:
- Lawmaking and budget allocation.
Page 89: Legislative Process
Five Steps for Bill Passage:
1. Drafting: Legislators prepare the bill text.
2. Introduction: Presentation to respective legislative chamber.
3. Committee Consideration: Detailed review and potential amendments.
4. Floor Consideration: Chamber votes on the bill.
5. Governor’s Review: Final approval or veto of the bill.
Page 90: Video Resources
BrainPop:
- How A Bill Becomes A Law (Login: griffinms, Password: student)
Page 91: Executive Branch
Leadership Structure:
- Comprises multiple offices, headed by the governor, who must meet specific eligibility criteria.
Lieutenant Governor Responsibilities:
- Acts as governor when necessary and influence over Senate operations.
Page 92: Judicial Branch
Court Types:
- Comprised of Trial Courts (initial judgments) and Appellate Courts (review of trial decisions).
Trial Court Function:
- Civil cases (disputes between individuals) and criminal cases (charges against an individual).
Appellate Court Role:
- Reviews for errors in trials.
Page 93: Local Governments
Local Government Services:
- Provide essential community services (road maintenance, welfare, courts).
County vs. Municipal Structures:
- Different governance models, including Council-Manager and Mayor-Council systems.
Page 94: Special-Purpose Governments
Creation Purposes:
- Designed to fulfill specific needs within regions.
Key Examples:
- Development Authorities, Parks & Recreation Authorities, Housing Authorities, etc.
Page 95: Juvenile Justice Overview
Unruly Behavior Definition:
- Status offenses that are non-criminal actions by minors (ex: truancy, curfew violations).
Page 96: Delinquent Behavior
Criminal Behavior:
- Defined actions warranting legal reprimands, applicable to ages 13-17.
Juvenile Rights:
- Right to legal representation, to present evidence, to appeal, and to maintain trial confidentiality.
Page 97: Juvenile Justice Process
Initial Steps:
- Intake for custody assessment and probable cause hearing by a judge is followed by adjudicatory and dispositional hearings for treatment or punishment assignment.
Page 98: The Seven Delinquent Behaviors
Automatic Adult Jurisdiction:
- Specific crimes (e.g., murder, armed robbery) mandate adult trials for offenders aged 13-17.
Page 99: Unit 9: Personal Finance
Standards and Elements:
- SS8E4
- SS8E5
Page 100: Sources of Revenue
Revenue Sources for GA:
- Mainly derived from taxes (90%), specifically personal and sales taxes, supplemented by state and federal funds.
Page 101: Distribution of Revenue
Expenditure Allocation:
- Education dominates the budget (54%), with public safety and employee wages constituting other significant expenses.
Page 102: Personal Income
Income Types:
- Derived from various sources like jobs or allowances, leading to decisions regarding saving or spending.
Budgeting Importance:
- Useful tool for managing income streams effectively for future needs.
Page 103: Investment Basics
Investing Concept:
- Saving money in various instruments (stocks, bonds) aiming for future financial return.
Financial Assets:
- Earning interest that enhances overall income potential.
Page 104: Entrepreneurship
Definition:
- Individuals who create and manage businesses with profit motives.
Profit Calculation:
- Derived from the equation: Total Income - Total Expenses = Profit.
Page 105: Georgia Based Businesses
Significant Corporations:
- Firms like Coca-Cola and Delta Airlines are crucial to Georgia's economic fabric and employment landscape.
Page 106: Understanding Credit
Credit Definition:
- Mechanism allowing purchases on a deferred payment system, common in loans or credit cards.
Risk Factors:
- Over-accumulation can lead to debt; awareness of finance charges critical.
Page 107: Personal Finance Videos
BrainPop Resources:
- Coverage on Banking, Money Management, Taxes, Budgets, and Credit Cards (Login: griffinms, Password: student).