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Anatomy Overview

• Anatomy: The scientific field focused on the physical structures of organisms.

• Course: BIOS 1140 Human Anatomy

Anatomy vs Physiology

• Anatomy (What): Study of body structures.

  • Composition of structures.

  • Location of structures.

  • Associated structures.

• Physiology (How): Study of body functions.

  • How body parts work and sustain life.

  • Individual and cooperative functions.

  • Principle of complementary structure and function: Function depends on form.

Terminology in Anatomy

• Use of specific terminology to avoid misunderstandings.

  • Areas of Terminology:

    • Position

    • Direction

    • Regions

    • Structures

Anatomical Position

• Definition: A standardized stance used as a reference point.

  • Body is erect, feet apart, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away.

Surface and Sectional Anatomy

• Surface Anatomy: Study of body form related to deeper structures.

• Sectional Anatomy: Study of the relationship of body structures through cross-sections.

Directional Terminology

• Superior: Above or higher level (e.g., head is superior to knee).

• Inferior: Below or lower level (e.g., knee is inferior to hip).

• Anterior (Front): Surface facing forward, e.g., umbilicus is on the anterior surface.

• Posterior (Back): Surface facing backward (e.g., scapula is posterior to rib cage).

Additional Directional Terms

• Medial: Toward the midline.

• Lateral: Away from the midline.

• Proximal: Nearer to the trunk or attached base.

• Distal: Farther from the trunk or point of attachment.

• Superficial: Close to the body surface.

• Deep: Farther from the body surface.

• Caudal: Toward the tail end.

Anatomical Landmarks

• Overview of anatomical landmarks:

  • Head Terminology:

    • Frons: Forehead

    • Nasion: Bridge of the nose

    • Nasus: Nose

    • Mentis: Chin

  • Facial Terms:

    • Occipital: Back of the head

    • Cervical: Neck

    • Ocular: Eye

    • Otic: Ear

    • Zygomatic: Cheekbone

    • Buccal: Cheek

Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions

• Quadrants:

  • Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

  • Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

  • Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

  • Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

• Regions include:

  • Epigastric, Umbilical, Hypogastric (pubic)

  • Right/Left Hypochondriac, Lumbar, Iliac (inguinal)

Body Cavities

• Posterior Cavity:

  • Cranial: Contains the brain.

  • Spinal: Contains the spinal cord.

• Anterior Cavity contains:

  • Thoracic Cavity: Contains heart and lungs.

  • Abdominal Cavity: Contains digestive organs.

  • Pelvic Cavity: Contains reproductive organs.

Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity

• Thoracic Cavity Components:

  • Mediastinum: Area between lungs.

  • Pleural Cavities: Surround each lung.

  • Pericardial Cavity: Surrounds the heart.

• Abdominal Cavity:

  • Contains digestive organs, kidneys, and peritoneum.

  • Peritoneum: Serous membrane in the abdominal cavity.

Body Movement Terminology

• Flexion: Decreasing the joint angle.

• Extension: Increasing the joint angle.

• Adduction: Moving a body part toward the midline.

• Abduction: Moving away from the midline.

• Supination: Turning palm up; outward rotation.

• Pronation: Turning palm down; inward rotation.