AP World Unit 7
The Ottoman Empire started to establish their second round of reforms known as the Ottoman Reforms after groups of the Young Ottomans and Young Turks called for change after European modernization
This created a secularization of schools, political elections, and the imposition of the Turkic language.
However, the alienated the empire further under nationalism which fractured the empire
The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a revolt against the authoritarian government from the working and middle class.
This created a new constitution, labor unions, and political parties
WWI sparked another revolution in 1917 after he continued dictating, which was led by Marxist Vladimir Lenin
This revolution was successful which led to the creation of the Soviet Union, a communist state.
The Qing dynasty collapsed after the Boxer Rebellion in which the Han fought against the Manchu Emperor to restore China
The rebellion was successful due to the previous Taiping Rebellion, Opium War, and Sino-Japanese War
The Mexican Revolution in 1905 and 1917 had the same outcomes as the Russian Revolution, and came from people fighting the authoritarian government.
Militarism is the idea to maintain and develop a powerful military in order to aggressively advance their own interests
Alliances are agreements between two states for mutual self-defence
In case war broke out between alliances, states built huge railroads for mobilization of troops
However, these were hard to stop if war never broke out hence why it was the cause of WWI.
Imperialism, nationalism, militarism, and the alliance system were all 4 main causes of WWi
WWI broke out over an assassination from a Serbian nationalist, which went crazy with the alliance system due to Austria-Hungary trying to fight Serbia even though Serbia is allied with Britain and France.
WWI was the first total war, in which it required the mobilization of military and citizens to fight.
Propaganda was created and heavily used by antagonizing enemies to motivate citizens in contributing to the war efforts.
A key idea in propaganda during WWi is the intensive use of nationalism.
New military technology made WWi the deadliest war in this time period.
Trench warfare was a huge problem as it caused many stalemates and not much progress, due to new strategies being too deadly.
The US joined the war and quickly ended it from the Zimmerman Telegram that threatened Mexico to join the central powers, and the attack of Lieuthania for being .in German watter territory.
The Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles put an end to the Ottoman Empire as well as making the Germans pay billions of dollars in reparations for the damage they caused
The Treaty of Versailles and the Guilt Clause are important as it was an important cause for WW2
Due to Germany spending mass amounts of the war, they started to print more money which decreased moneyâs value (hyperinflation).
Germany was able to pay it back using US banks and the economy recovered again
Overall, most countries in the war (besides the US) could not pay their debts.
To complete the communist revolution in Russia, Russia had to mix a little bit of capitalism in their economy.,
Joseph Stalin came to power and started the â5-Year Planâ which increased factory production, limited consumer goods, in order to increase industrialization
The Collectivization of Agriculture merged small private farms into large industrialized farmsÂ
This led to Holodomor which killed 6 million Ukrainians from starvation
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The Great Depression turned into a worldwide phenomenon due to the United States funding other countries debt after the war until 1929.
John Maynard Keynes argued that the people would die if the government doesnât act fast enough toward the economy
Invented the idea of deficit spending which is to borrow money to fix an economy.
In response to the Great Depression, Franklin D Roosevelt created the âNew Dealâ which was a socialist program that helped the most vulnerable Americans.
Social Security, Government work programs, electricity in rural areas
Mexico under the PRI nationalized the oil industry to fix their economy.
Fascism started to rise which is the push to blame problems on minorities, as well as the glorification of militarism.
Extreme nationalism and militarism
Italy, Germany, and Brazil practiced this ideology.
Corporatist economic policies started to form which is the partnership between investors and politics.
Japan started to turn more into an empire state by invading Manchuria in 1931, creating a puppet state and the East Asian co-sphere
Anti-imperialism parties started to form like the Indian National Congress against the British
However, colonial governments fired with over 400 Indians dead, as well as Sikh worshippers who came for a religious festival.
They elected a leader named Gandhi who protested against the government through producing their own clothes against the textile industry.
The African National Congress was formed by western journalists to create independence in Africa
Created Pan-Africanism which is the unification of all black people
This caused many black workers to strike for fair wages and safe labor which lasted until around 1946 (30 years)
The 4 causes of WWII were
Imperialism continuing due to no power in the League of Nations
Fascism rising
Economic crisis
Treaty of Versailles
Fascism was able to rise due Mussolini and Hitler being good oral speakers when discussing problems about the government
Hitlerâs policies were:
Cancel reparations
Remilitarize Germany
Territorial Expansion
Eliminate âimpureâ races
The Nazi Party was able to rise from the elections due to the Weimar Republic not addressing the economic problems the Germans wanted
Hitler believed that Jews were the main problem that Germany was not in their prime position
The Nuremberg Laws were were discriminatory laws towards Jews
After a Jewish teenager killed a German, the Germans ended up killing over 90 Jews as well as sending over 30,000 jews to concentration camps with all synagogues being destroyed
This event was called âKristallnachtâ or âNight of the Broken Glassâ
Later, Germany allied with Italy and Japan which became the Axon powers of WWII
When Germany invaded Poland however in 1939, the allied powers had enough and declared a world war.
New technologies were created that made trench warfare impossible such as:
Blitzkrieg - Germany rushing in with fighter planes and tanks to distract the enemy and give no time to act
Firebombs - Meant to destroy urban areas
Atomic Bomb - Developed by the US that could kill hundreds of thousands of people, most notably from Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Genocides are mass killing of groups specifically to target race or ethnicity
The Armenian Genocide was the first genocide by the Ottoman Empire in 1915, killing over 1 million Armenian Christians
They feared they would betray them due to conflicting beliefs.
Germany had a series of events to target jews:
Nuremberg Laws segregated non-Jews from the Jewish
Kristallnacht - Nazis terrorized homes, business, and synagogues owned by Jews.
Final Solution - To kill all of the Jewish population in death camps.
Two types of death camps were created
Concentration camps to force harsh labor (in which many died)
Extermination camps which were made to kill as many people as possible (6 of these camps existed, most notably Auschwitz and Birkenau).
Around 11 million people were killed during the Holocaust, 6 million of those were Jews.
Dictator Pol Pot wanted to switch back to an agrarian society in Cambodia, and killed anyone under Western Influence
Around 25% of the Cambodian population died from this genocide.
After the fall of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, people started to create their own ethnic boundaries
Milosevic started a plan of ethnic cleansing on the Muslim population in Bosnia, killing over 300,000.
The Rwanda genocide happened over the Tutsis killing a Hutu president, resulting in around 1 million Tutsis deaths.