Final Exam Notes for Laboratory BIOL 101

Microscope

  • Parts:
    • Ocular
    • Objectives
    • Revolver
    • Stage
    • Macro and micro screws
    • Condenser
    • Light source
    • Arm
    • Base
  • Function:
    • Allows observation of very small objects with magnification and focus.
  • Types of Microscopes:
    • Compound (optical)
    • Dissection (stereoscope)
    • Dark field
    • Fluorescence
    • Electron

Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis

  • Process of cell division that produces 2 identical daughter cells (diploid).
    • Prophase: Formation of chromosomes, mitotic spindle.
    • Metaphase: Chromosomes aligned in the center.
    • Anaphase: Separation of chromatids.
    • Telophase: New nuclei are formed.
    • Cytokinesis: Division of cytoplasm.

Meiosis

  • Process that generates 4 distinct haploid daughter cells (gametes).
    • Meiosis I: Separation of homologous chromosomes, genetic crossover.
    • Meiosis II: Separation of sister chromatids.

Tissues

Types of Tissue

  • Epithelial: Covers surfaces and cavities, involved in secretion.
  • Connective: Connects and supports, includes blood.
  • Muscle: Responsible for movement (skeletal, smooth, cardiac).
  • Nervous: Transmits signals, coordination of body functions.

Biological Organization

  • Structure:
    • Cell → Tissue → Organ → System → Organism

Hematology

  • Blood Cells:
    • Erythrocytes: Transport oxygen.
    • Leukocytes: Immune defense.
    • Platelets: Coagulation.
  • Blood Types:
    • A, B, AB, O and Rh factor.

Cardiovascular System

Components

  • Heart, arteries, veins.

Blood Flow

  • Pathway:
    • Body → Right heart → Lungs → Left heart → Body

Blood Pressure

  • Systolic: Contraction.
  • Diastolic: Relaxation.

Respiratory System

Parts

  • Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.
  • External Respiration: In lungs.
  • Internal Respiration: In tissues.
  • Spirometer: Measures respiratory capacity.

Nervous System

Parts

  • CNS: Brain, spinal cord.
  • PNS: Peripheral nerves.

Types of Neurons

  • Sensory Neurons: Carry sensory information.
  • Motor Neurons: Control muscle movements.
  • Interneurons: Connect neurons within the CNS.

Reflex Arc

  • Rapid involuntary response (e.g., patellar reflex).

Endocrine System

Endocrine Glands

  • Secrete hormones into the blood (thyroid, pancreas).

Exocrine Glands

  • Secrete through ducts (sweat glands).
  • Hormones: Regulate processes like growth, metabolism, etc.

Blood Type Compatibility

  • Type A:
    • Donates to A and AB.
    • Receives from A and O.
  • Type B:
    • Donates to B and AB.
    • Receives from B and O.
  • Type AB:
    • Donates only to AB.
    • Receives from all (universal recipient).
  • Type O:
    • Donates to all (universal donor).
    • Receives only from O.
  • Rh Factor:
    • Rh+: Receives Rh+ and Rh-.
    • Rh-: Receives only from Rh-.

Summary Table

  • O-: Can donate to all.
  • AB+: Can receive from all.
  • Compatibility depends on A/B antigens and the presence of the Rh factor.