Práctica de Vocabulario: Guía EDIEMS 2026-2027

Institutional Framework and Directory of the Diagnostic Evaluation for High School Entry

The 2026-2027 Diagnostic Evaluation for Admission to Upper Secondary Education (EDIEMS) is governed by the Secretariat of Public Education (SEP) under the leadership of Secretary Mario Delgado Carrillo. Key figures within the Subsecretariat of Higher Secondary Education include Tania Hogla Rodríguez Mora as Subsecretary, Virginia Lorenzo Holm as Academic Sectorial Coordinator, and Uladimir Valdez Pereznuñez as Director General of the Bachillerato. The directory also identifies several directors for technical and technological education, including Rolando de Jesús López Saldaña (Industrial and Service Technology), Mario Hernández González (Agrarian and Marine Sciences), Fernando Magro Soto Otero (Technical Bachillerato for Sports), Rodrigo Rojas Navarrete (CONALEP), Iván Flores Benítez (CECyTEs), Adán Escobedo Robles (Colegio de Bachilleres), and Judith Cuéllar Esparza (CETI).

Structure and Educational Purpose of the Study Guide

This guide was developed by the Academic Sectorial Coordination (COSAC) to reinforce basic secondary-level learning and strengthen essential concepts needed for the transition to high school. The material is organized into structured sessions for each educational field, featuring didactic material designed to retrieve previous knowledge. Each session concludes with questionnaires identified by specific icons for verification of learning and supplementary resources for thematic deepening. Students are advised to conduct exploratory readings, plan study sessions with established schedules and locations, ensure they have support materials, take hourly breaks, and consult institutional teaching staff regarding doubts.

Natural and Experimental Sciences: Matter and Its Microscopic Structures

Matter is defined as everything that possesses mass and volume, occupying a specific place in space. The Corpuscular Model of Matter (particle model) postulates that all matter is composed of extremely small particles—atoms, molecules, or ions—which are in constant motion. This model explains the differences between elements, compounds, and mixtures at the microscopic level.

Chemical elements are pure substances made of a single class of atoms. They are represented by symbols consisting of one or two letters (first always uppercase, second lowercase). These symbols often derive from Latin, Greek, or Arabic roots, such as Copper ($Cu$ from Cuprum), Gold ($Au$ from Aurum), Silver ($Ag$ from Argentum), Potassium ($K$ from Kalium), or Hydrogen ($H$ from Hydrogenium). Elements can exist in different states, such as solids ($Cu, Au$), liquids ($Hg, Br$), or gases ($O_2, N_2$).

Chemical compounds are pure substances constituted by more than one class of atoms chemically combined. Their chemical formulas indicate the elements involved and the quantity of particles. Compounds are classified by the number of elements: binary (two), ternary (three), or quaternary (four); or by their type: organic or inorganic. Examples include Water ($H_2O$), Sodium Chloride ($NaCl$), Sulfuric Acid ($H_2SO_4$), and Calcium Hydroxide ($Ca(OH)_2$).

Mixtures consist of substances combined in variable quantities without chemical bonding, meaning each constituent retains its specific properties. Mixtures consist of a dispersing phase (the medium) and a dispersed phase (the substance in lesser proportion). Based on particle size, they are classified as homogeneous (uniform distribution, phases invisible, e.g., air, soda) or heterogeneous (visible distribution, unequal phases, e.g., salad, sand in water).

Extensive and Intensive Properties of Matter

Properties are characteristics used to identify and distinguish forms of matter. Extensive properties depend on the quantity of matter and include: mass ($m$), measured in kilograms ($kg$) using a balance, which is invariable regardless of location; weight ($P$), the measure of gravitational force acting on a body calculated as $P = mg$ where $g=9.8\,m/s^2$; and volume ($V$), the space occupied by a body, measured in cubic meters ($m^3$).

Intensive properties depend on the nature of the substance rather than its quantity and include: density ($\rho$), which relates mass to volume via $\rho = \frac{m}{V}$; temperature, which determines the direction of heat flow; boiling point, the temperature where a liquid becomes gas; and melting point, the temperature where a solid becomes liquid.

Evolution and Information of the Periodic Table

The periodic table has developed since 1789 through several key scientists. Antoine Lavoisier defined chemical elements and categorized them into metals, non-metals, gases, and earths. Johann Döbereiner proposed the Law of Triads (1829), relating atomic weight to properties. John Newlands proposed the Law of Octaves (1964). Dmitri Mendeleev (1869) published a table of 63 elements according to atomic mass, predicting undiscovered elements. Henry Moseley (1915) consolidated the modern structure by establishing the atomic number ($Z$).

The modern table organizes elements in horizontal rows called periods ($7$ in total) and vertical columns called groups ($18$ in total). Elements in the same group share similar chemical properties due to their electronic configuration. Key families include alkali metals (Group $1$), alkaline earth metals (Group $2$), halogens (Group $17$), and noble gases (Group $18$). Other groups include transition metals (Groups $3$ to $12$), the boron family ($13$), carbon family ($14$), nitrogen family ($15$), chalcogens ($16$), and rare earths (lanthanides and actinides).

Atomic parameters include: Atomic Number ($Z$), representing the number of protons in the nucleus; Atomic Mass ($A$), the total mass of protons and neutrons measured in atomic mass units ($uma$ or daltons, where $1\,uma = 1.66 \times 10^{-24}\,g$); and Valence, the number of electrons in the outermost shell that determines bond formation.

Atomic Models and Bohr's Postulates

Niels Bohr proposed (1913) that electrons move in defined circular orbits or energy levels around the nucleus. Energy levels are designated by the principal quantum number ($n$) from $1$ to $7$ or letters $K$ to $Q$. The maximum capacity of electrons per level is calculated using the formula $2n^2$. For instance, level $1$ ($K$) holds $2\,e^-$, level $2$ ($L$) holds $8\,e^-$, and level $3$ ($M$) holds $18\,e^-$.

Bohr's postulates state: 1. Electrons rotate in circular orbits without emitting energy. 2. Electrons only inhabit permitted orbits where angular momentum is a multiple of Planck's constant. 3. Electrons emit energy when jumping from a higher to a lower level and absorb energy when jumping from a lower to a higher level. Within the nucleus are protons ($p^+$) and neutrons ($n^0$). The number of neutrons is calculated as $n^0 = A - Z$, where $A$ is the rounded atomic mass.

Lewis Diagrams and Chemical Bonding

Gilbert N. Lewis proposed that atoms combine to achieve a stable electronic configuration similar to noble gases, known as the Octet Rule (tending toward $8$ electrons in the valence shell). Valence electrons are those in the highest energy level or outermost shell. Lewis diagrams represent the atomic nucleus and inner shells with the chemical symbol, surrounding it with dots for valence electrons.

Bonding types include: Single bonds (sharing one pair, e.g., $NaCl$ where $Na$ yields one electron), double bonds (sharing two pairs, e.g., $O_2$), and triple bonds (sharing three pairs, e.g., $N_2$). Electronegativity is the relative capacity of an atom to attract electrons in a bond. Linus Pauling developed the scale ranging from $0.7$ (Cesium, Francium) to $4.0$ (Fluorine). Bond classification based on electronegativity difference ($\Delta EN$) is: binary $0$ to $0.4$ (non-polar covalent), $0.5$ to $1.6$ (polar covalent), and $1.7$ to $3.3$ (ionic).

Ionic compounds (e.g., $NaCl, CaO$) typically form between metals and non-metals via electron transfer, resulting in high melting/boiling points and electrical conductivity in solution. Molecular/Covalent compounds (e.g., $H_2O, CH_4$) form between non-metals sharing electrons, typically having lower melting points and poor conductivity.

Newton's Laws of Motion

Isaac Newton formulated three fundamental laws in 1687:

1. First Law (Inertia): An object remains in its state of rest or uniform linear motion unless acted upon by a net external force. Mass is the measure of inertia.
2. Second Law (Dynamics): Acceleration is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to mass. Formula: $F = ma$, where $F$ is force in Newtons ($N$), $m$ is mass in $kg$, and $a$ is acceleration in $m/s^2$.
3. Third Law (Action and Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Formula: $F_{A\rightarrow B} = -F_{B\rightarrow A}$. These forces have the same magnitude, opposite directions, act on different bodies simultaneously, and never cancel each other out.

Types of Motion and Kinematic Formulas

Motion is analyzed through speed ($v$ in $m/s$) and acceleration ($a$ in $m/s^2$):

• Uniform Rectilinear Motion (MRU): Straight path, constant velocity, zero acceleration. Formula: $d = vt$.
• Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear Motion (MRUA): Straight path with constant acceleration. Formulas: $v_f = v_i + at$ and $d = v_it + \frac{1}{2}at^2$.
• Uniform Circular Motion (MCU): Movement at a constant speed along a circular path. It involves Period ($T$, time for one lap), Frequency ($f = 1/T$, laps per second), Angular Velocity ($\omega = \frac{2\pi}{T}$ in $rad/s$), Tangential Velocity ($v = \omega r$), and Centripetal Acceleration ($a_c = \frac{v^2}{r}$), which pulls the object toward the center.

Mechanical Energy and Thermodynamics

Energy is the capacity to perform work. Mechanical energy ($E_m$) is the sum of:

• Kinetic Energy ($E_k$): Associated with motion. Formula: $E_k = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$.
• Potential Energy ($E_p$): Associated with position within a gravitational field. Formula: $E_p = mgh$. In closed systems without friction, mechanical energy is conserved ($E_m = E_k + E_p$ is constant).

Thermal energy relates to the average kinetic energy of atoms/molecules. Temperature is an intensive property reflecting this agitation. Conversion formulas include:

• Celsius ($^\circ C$) to Kelvin ($K$): $K = ^\circ C + 273.15$
• Celsius ($^\circ C$) to Fahrenheit ($^\circ F$): $^\circ F = 1.8 \cdot ^\circ C + 32$ Heat is energy in transit between bodies of different temperatures. Transfer occurs via:

1. Conduction: Through solids via molecular collisions (metals are good conductors).
2. Convection: Through fluids (liquids/gases) via mass movement due to density/temperature changes.
3. Radiation: Via electromagnetic waves (infrared rays) through a vacuum (e.g., heat from the sun).

Ethical Principles and Human Dignity

Ethics is the branch of philosophy that guides human conduct toward good and social justice. Fundamental principles include:

• Human Dignity: Recognized by the UN (1948) and the Mexican Constitution (Article 1), it states individuals hold inherent value regardless of age, skin color, gender, or status.
• Common Good: The collective welfare of a community that prevails over private interests, ensuring conditions for full human development.
• Justice: A constant attitude based on legality, equity, and equal rights for all, without arbitrary privilege.
• Freedom: The capacity to act of one's own will responsibly, respecting the rights of others and the law.
• Integrity: Coherence between thought, word, and action. It includes physical (body care), psychic (mental/emotional health), and moral (values) dimensions.

Ethical Dilemmas and Social Values

An ethical dilemma is a situation where one must choose between conflicting options where every choice compromises a value or moral duty. Solving them requires deep deliberation and assuming responsibility. Essential values for social coexistence include:

• Respect: Recognizing the dignity of every person and the diversity of beliefs, traditions, and abilities.
• Inclusion: The action of integrating all persons regardless of origin or condition, ensuring equal opportunity and social/educational/labor participation.
• Equity: Fair application of laws by adapting norms to specific needs (Equality gives the same to all; Equity gives what each needs).
• Equality: Ensuring the same rights and treatment for all (Sustained Equality in Mexico refers to Article 5).
• Responsibility: Assuming consequences of actions. Hans Jonas (1979) established the Responsibility Principle in technological civilizations: act such that effects are compatible with permanent human life on Earth.

Identity Configuration and Wellness

Identity construction is a lifelong process influenced by personal history, social interactions, skills, interests, and aspirations.

• Factors: Biological (genetics/temperament), Family (first social agent), Social (friends/media), and Cultural (language/traditions).
• Personality: A stable set of traits formed from these factors.
• Wellness: A multifaceted concept involving biological health, emotional satisfaction, the achievement of personal aspirations, and healthy social relationships.

Freedom is the ability to choose consciously, but is inextricably linked to responsibility. Every individual choice has an effect like a "wave on a lake," impacting the self, family, and community. Social values like honesty, integrity, solidarity, empathy, and tolerance guide behavior to ensure collective welfare.

Social Organization, Institutions, and Laws

Norms are rules of conduct ensuring social order and peaceful coexistence. They are characterized by being integral, preventive, flexible, and educational.

• Mexican Legal Hierarchy: 1. Constitution (1917). 2. Federal/General/National Laws (e.g., General Education Law). 3. Regulations and Official Mexican Standards (NOMs).
• Institutions: Entities like the UN, CNDH, and SEP provide legal and educational frameworks to foster respect and resolve conflicts non-violently (mediation/conciliation).
• Citizen Participation: Essential for democracy. Forms include social, community, political, and citizen participation (referendums, plebiscites, popular consultations, and revocation of mandates).

Cultural Heritage and Local Identity

Indigenous peoples contribute significantly to Mexico's national identity through languages (68 recognized tongues), traditional knowledge (agriculture/milpa, medicine), gastronomy (corn, beans, chili), and social organization (tequio/community work). Contemporary Mexico is a dynamic mix of these ancestral traditions and modern participation. Expressions like Mariaichi, wrestling (lucha libre), and digital culture (memes, social movements) reflect this evolving identity.

Mathematics: Arithmetic and Fractions

Basic operations utilize integers ($Z$), including positives, negatives, and zero. Sign rules for multiplication/division: Same signs = positive; different signs = negative. For addition/subtraction: Same signs add and keep sign; different signs subtract and keep sign of the greater absolute value.

Fractions represent parts of a whole with a numerator ($a$) and denominator ($b$). Operations include:

• Addition/Subtraction: Use a common denominator (LCM).
• Multiplication: Multiply numerators and denominators across.
• Division: Multiply the first fraction by the reciprocal of the second.

GCD, LCM, and Arithmetic Properties

• Least Common Multiple (LCM): The smallest common multiple between numbers, used to find synchronized events and common denominators.
• Greatest Common Divisor (GCD): The largest number that divides a set of numbers without remainder, used for simplifying fractions and equitable distribution.
• Arithmetic Properties: 1. Commutative: $A + B = B + A$ or $A \times B = B \times A$. 2. Associative: $(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)$. 3. Distributive: $A \times (B + C) = (A \times B) + (A \times C)$.

Metric System and Proportionality

The International System of Units (SI) defines fundamental measures: Length (meter, $m$), Mass (kilogram, $kg$), and Time (second, $s$). Common conversions include $1\,km = 1000\,m$ and $1\,h = 3600\,s$.

Proportionality reflects relations between variables:

• Direct: Both variables increase or decrease together (e.g., time vs. distance at constant speed).
• Inverse: One variable increases as the other decreases (e.g., number of workers vs. time to finish a task).
• Percentages: Expressing proportion as parts of $100$. $30\%$ is represented as $30/100$ or $0.30$.

Order of Operations and Exponents

Hierarchy (PEMDAS): 1. Parentheses/Brackets/Braces. 2. Exponents and Radicals. 3. Multiplication and Division (left to right). 4. Addition and Subtraction (left to right).

Exponent rules:

• Product: $a^n \cdot a^m = a^{n+m}$.
• Quotient: $\frac{a^n}{a^m} = a^{n-m}$.
• Power of power: $(a^n)^m = a^{nm}$.
• Zero power: $a^0 = 1$ (if $a \neq 0$).
• Negative power: $a^{-n} = \frac{1}{a^n}$. Algebraic translation converts common language (increase, diminished, triple, half) into symbols (e.g., "Triple the square of a number" = $3x^2$).

Social Sciences and Economic Sectors

Production processes use natural resources, labor, and capital to create goods/services.

• Primary Sector: Extraction (agriculture, fishing, mining).
• Secondary Sector: Transformation/Industry (food processing, construction, textiles, pharma).
• Tertiary Sector: Services (transport, trade, banking, health, tourism).
• Quaternary Sector: Innovation (R&D, science, education, consultancy).

Environmental impact (antropic/antropogenic) includes air/water pollution and loss of biodiversity. The Ecological Footprint (1996) measures social impact on the environment. Normatives (NOMs) and waste management (lifecycle analysis) are tools used to mitigate these effects.

Language and Communication Literature

Texts are classified by intent:

• Narrative: Relates events (novel, story, fable). Includes narrator, characters, action, space, time.
• Descriptive: Details characteristics of people or places (objective or subjective).
• Dramatic: Intended for theatrical representation through dialogue (acts and scenes).
• Argumentative: Persuades through reasoning/thesis (essays, opinion articles).

Popular narratives include Comics (vignettes, bubbles, onomatopoeia), Legends (fantasy and history), and Myths (sacred/divine explanations of the world).

Grammatical Structure and Reading Comprehension

Textual connectors (nexos) provide coherence:

• Structured: Introduction (firstly), Continuity (then, also), Closure (finally).
• Semantic: Addition, contrast (however), causality (because, due to), and temporality (meanwhile). Properties of good writing include Clarity (precise vocabulary and simple syntax) and Coherence (logical thematic unity).

Reading analysis identifies:

• Main Idea: The core message (centrality and autonomy).
• Secondary Ideas: Support, explain, or exemplify the main idea.

Summaries retrieve main ideas using author terms, while Syntheses select essential information with a flexible interpretation. Final study tools include graphic organizers: Sun Maps (association), Cloud Maps (association), Synoptic Charts (hierarchy with braces), and Comparative Tables (contrasting elements). Visual support includes Infographics (info + graphics), Posters (informative/publicity), and Brochures (folded leaflets).