1st Periodical

Using information from various sources

METHODS OF GATHERING INFORMATION

- Listening / Watching

- Reading

- Questioning

- Interviewing

- Surveying

Common sources of information

- News reports

- Text books

- Articles

- Speeches

- Informative Talks

- Panel Discussions

- Interviews

TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES

1. Primary Sources

- original materials or firsthand accounts created at the time of an event or shortly afterward

- provide direct evidence or information about a subject without interpretation or analysis by others

- include diaries, letters, photographs, original research studies, speeches, interviews, autobiographies, official documents, and artifacts

2. Secondary Sources

- interpret, analyze, or summarize primary sources and other information.

- created by people who did not directly experience or participate in the events they’re discussing

- include books, articles, documentaries, and reviews that provide analysis, commentary, or interpretations of primary sources

3. Tertiary Sources

- compilations of primary and secondary sources.

- provide an overview or general understanding of a topic without delving into detailed analysis

- include encyclopedias, dictionaries, textbooks, and some websites that provide condensed information and background context.

MEDIA’S ROLE IN INFO DISSEMINATION

*Media acts as a vital channel for sharing news and information with the public.

*Various platforms like newspapers, TV, radio, and online sources reach diverse audiences.

*Tailored content delivery caters to different preferences and interests of audiences.

SHAPING PUBLIC OPINION

*Media outlets have distinct perspectives that influence how they present information.

*Audiences often rely on media to form opinions on current events and societal matters.

*Biased reporting occurs when media reflects specific viewpoints or agendas.

IMPACT OF BIAS REPORTING

*Biased reporting distorts facts, misrepresents information, or excludes relevant details.

*Misinformation and perpetuation of stereotypes can result from biased reporting.

*Polarization of society and closed-mindedness may emerge due to exposure to one-sided views.

CRITICAL THINKING AND MEDIA LITERACY

*Consumers must recognize potential biases in media sources.

*Developing critical thinking skills helps evaluate information objectively.

*Seeking diverse perspectives from various sources promotes well-informed decisions.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD INFORMATION

Accuracy

- correctness and truthfulness of information

*based on verifiable facts and reliable sources, ensuring that the information aligns with reality

*Example: A news article reporting the correct statistics on a recent scientific discovery demonstrates accuracy.

Relevance

- indicates how closely information aligns with the topic or issue being explored.

*Avoiding irrelevant information helps maintain focus and efficiency in research and decision-making.

*Example: In a research paper about climate change, including data about greenhouse gas emissions is relevant.

Credibility

- assesses the trustworthiness and reliability of the source providing the information

*Evaluating the credentials of authors, publishers, and platforms helps determine the credibility of information.

*Example: Information published by reputable scientific journals is often considered credible due to rigorous peer-review processes.

Timeliness

- freshness and currency of the information

*Outdated information might not accurately represent the current state of events or knowledge.

*Example: News articles reporting recent election results provide timely information relevant to the present moment.

Objectivity

- relates to the neutrality and lack of bias in the information presented

*Sources that exhibit bias might skew the information in favor of a particular perspective or agenda.

*Example: Encyclopedias strive to provide objective information by presenting facts and avoiding personal viewpoints.

Completeness

- ensures that information is comprehensive and includes all relevant details needed for a thorough understanding

*Incomplete information might omit crucial aspects, leading to misunderstandings or misinterpretations.

*Example: A research paper discussing the causes and effects of a historical event should cover all significant aspects.

LINEAR TEXTS

- Traditional text

- Sequential

- One reading path

NON-LINEAR TEXTS

- Words & Images

- Non-sequential

- Multiple reading path

COMMON TYPES of Non-linear texts

1. Graph – a diagram that shows relationships of information presented

a. Line graph - presents information trend using data dots connected by straight line segments

b. Bar graph – characterizes categorical data with rectangular bars with equal width

Parts of graphs

Title

on the side - numbers or figures; "scales"

underneath - categories

2. Table – organized arrangement of data usually in rows and columns

- vertical horizontal axis

- rows and columns

3. Map – shows the relative position of the parts of something

- Can be printed or electronic

4. Concept map – displays the organization and relationship of CONCEPTS and ideas

5. Chart – presents information in a tabular or circular form

a. Pie chart – presents how a whole is sliced into parts; circular

b. Flow chart – shows step-by-step process (in a procedure)

7. Infographic – a combination of visual images and text presentation of specific information

TRANSCODING INFORMATION FROM LINEAR TO NON-LINEAR TEXT OR VICE VERSA

Step 1: Read the text and get the main idea.

Step 2: Extract necessary information for the visual presentation.

Step 3: Remember to use key words or phrases only

Step 4: Classify information into categories

Step 5: Make sure to use the correct non-linear text to present the information