Meningitis Flashcards

Meningitis

Concepts of Infection

Meningitis Definition

• Inflammation and swelling of the meninges. The meninges are the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
• Caused by an infection, which can be:
  • Bacterial
  • Viral
  • Parasitic
  • Fungal
• Viral infections are the most common type of meningitis in the US.
• Can be infectious or non-infectious.
• Requires urgent medical evaluation and treatment.

Transmission

• Meningitis can be spread through close contact with infected individuals via:
  • Coughing
  • Sneezing
• Note: Some infections are not contagious.

Normal vs. Infected Meninges

• Normal Meninges: Refers to the healthy state of the protective membrane.
• Bacterial Infection: Indicates that the infection is caused by bacteria, leading to the inflammation of these membranes.
• Infected Meninges: Refers to the meninges that have been affected by an infection causing inflammation and other complications.

Symptoms in Adults (Older Than 2 Years)

• Sudden onset of high fever
• Stiff neck
• Severe headache
• Nausea and vomiting
• Mental status changes
• Seizures
• Sleepiness/lethargy
• Light sensitivity
• Decreased appetite or desire to drink
• Rash
• Stiffness in the body or neck

Symptoms in Newborns and Infants

• High fever
• Inconsolable crying
• Hypersomnia (increased sleepiness) or lethargy
• Trouble waking up from sleep
• Sluggish or decreased movement
• Refusal to eat or drink
• Poor feeding
• Vomiting
• Bulge in the “soft spot” on top of the baby’s head

Common Signs and Symptoms

• Fever
• Vomiting
• Headache
• Sleepiness
• Rash
• Dislike of lights
• Confusion
• Seizures

Signs and Symptoms in Babies and Toddlers

• Fever with cold hands and feet

• Blank, staring expression

• Refusing food or vomiting

• Fretful or dislike being handled

• Rash

• Drowsiness, difficult to wake

• Stiff neck, arched back

• High pitched cry

• If you notice any of these signs and symptoms in your children and toddlers, ACT FAST and seek immediate medical attention.
  Emergency Helpline: 0800 970 00010

Diagnostic Testing

• Lumbar puncture
• Brain imaging (CT scan, MRI)
• Blood cultures
• CBC (Complete Blood Count)
• ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate), CRP (C-reactive protein)

Treatment

Bacterial Meningitis

• Requires immediate treatment with hospitalization
• IV antibiotics:
  • Vancomycin
  • Ceftriaxone
  • Gentamycin
• Steroids
• O_2 therapy (Oxygen Therapy)

Viral Meningitis

• Requires supportive care
• Usually no hospitalization is needed
• Antibiotics are not required
• Treatment includes:
  • Hydration
  • Pain and discomfort management
  • Rest