1. Differentiate Between Types of Papillae of the Tongue, Layers of the Eye, and Layers of the Retina

Papillae of the Tongue:

- Fungiform Papillae: Mushroom-shaped, scattered across the tongue, and contain taste buds.

- Filiform Papillae: Thin, conical, and located all over the tongue, they provide texture but do not contain taste buds.

- Circumvallate Papillae: Large, dome-shaped, arranged in a V-shape at the back of the tongue, and contain taste buds.

Layers of the Eye:

- Fibrous Layer: Outer layer consisting of the sclera (white of the eye) and cornea (transparent, focuses light).

- Vascular Layer (Uvea): Middle layer consisting of the choroid (pigmented, supplies blood), ciliary body (controls lens shape), and iris (controls the diameter of the pupil).

- Neural Layer: Inner layer consisting of the retina, which contains photoreceptors (rods and cones) for vision.

Layers of the Retina:

- Ganglion Cell Layer: Neurons whose axons form the optic nerve.

- Bipolar Cell Layer: Cells that transmit signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells.

- Photoreceptor Layer: Contains rods (low-light vision) and cones (color vision).

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2. Organ of Sensation and Specialized Cells of Sensation for Touch, Taste, Smell, Hearing, Sight, and Equilibrium

- Touch: Skin contains mechanoreceptors such as Pacinian corpuscles (deep pressure) and Meissner’s corpuscles (light touch).

- Taste: Located on the tongue, the taste buds within the papillae contain gustatory cells that detect taste.

- Smell: Olfactory epithelium located in the nasal cavity contains olfactory receptors that send signals to the olfactory bulb.

- Hearing: The cochlea in the inner ear contains the Organ of Corti, which has hair cells that detect sound vibrations.

- Sight: The retina in the eye contains rods and cones for detecting light and color.

- Equilibrium: The semicircular canals and vestibule (saccule and utricle) in the inner ear detect balance and spatial orientation.

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3. Identify External and Internal Structures of the Eye and Ear on Models and/or Slides

Eye:

External Structures:

- Lacrimal gland: Produces tears.

- Lacrimal canals (canaliculi): Drain tears from the eyes to the lacrimal sac.

- Lacrimal sac: Collects tears from the canaliculi.

- Nasolacrimal duct: Drains tears into the nasal cavity.

- Palpebrae (eyelids): Protect and lubricate the eyes.

- Lacrimal caruncle: Small, pink structure at the inner corner of the eye.

Internal Structures:

- Conjunctiva: Transparent mucous membrane covering the sclera.

- Sclera: White outer layer.

- Cornea: Transparent front part, helps focus light.

- Choroid: Vascular, pigmented layer.

- Ciliary body: Controls lens shape.

- Iris: Colored part of the eye, controls pupil size.

- Pupil: Opening that allows light into the eye.

- Lens: Focuses light onto the retina.

- Anterior Segment: Filled with aqueous humor, nourishes the cornea and lens.

- Posterior Segment: Filled with vitreous humor, helps maintain eye shape.

- Retina: Contains rods and cones for vision.

- Optic nerve: Carries visual information to the brain.

- Fovea centralis: Area of sharpest vision.

- Blind spot (Optic disc): Where the optic nerve exits the eye, no photoreceptors.

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Ear:

External Ear:

- Pinna (Auricle): Collects sound.

- Ear canal (External acoustic meatus): Transmits sound to the tympanic membrane.

Middle Ear:

- Tympanic membrane (Eardrum): Vibrates in response to sound.

- Ossicles (Malleus, Incus, Stapes): Amplify sound vibrations and transmit them to the oval window.

Inner Ear:

- Cochlea: Contains the Organ of Corti, which detects sound.

- Vestibule (Saccule and Utricle): Detects gravity and linear acceleration.

- Semicircular Canals: Detect rotational movement and balance.

- Vestibulocochlear Nerve: Transmits hearing and balance information to the brain.

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4. General Functions of Structures of the Skin, Tongue, Nasal Cavity, Eye, and Ear

- Skin: Protects internal organs, regulates temperature, and contains receptors for touch.

- Tongue: Facilitates taste and aids in digestion and speech.

- Nasal Cavity: Warms, moistens air, and detects odors via the olfactory epithelium.

- Eye: Detects light, processes visual information, and allows for sight.

- Ear: Detects sound and maintains balance and equilibrium.

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Slides

Skin:

- Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis: Layers that protect the body, regulate temperature, and contain sensory receptors.

- Pacinian Corpuscles: Detect deep pressure.

- Meissner’s Corpuscles: Detect light touch.

Tongue:

- Stratified Squamous Epithelium: Provides protection.

- Papillae: House taste buds.

- Taste Buds: Contain taste receptors.

Retina (Eye slide):

- Ganglion Cells: Neurons that form the optic nerve.

- Bipolar Cells: Transmit signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells.

- Rods and Cones: Detect light and color.

- Choroid: Pigmented, vascular layer.

- Sclera: Outer fibrous layer.

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Cochlea (Model):

- Scala Vestibuli: Transmits sound vibrations to the cochlear duct.

- Scala Tympani: Transmits vibrations from the cochlea to the round window.

- Cochlear Duct (Scala Media): Contains the Organ of Corti.

- Organ of Corti: Detects sound vibrations via hair cells.

- Vestibular, Basilar, and Tectorial Membranes: Play a role in the transmission of sound within the cochlea.

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Tongue Model:

- Papillae: Fungiform, filiform, and circumvallate.

- Taste Buds: Located within papillae, detect taste.

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Half-Head Model:

- Olfactory Bulb: Processes smell information.

- Olfactory Epithelium: Contains smell receptors.

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Ear Model:

- Pinna (Auricle): Collects sound.

- Ear Canal (External Acoustic Meatus): Transmits sound to the tympanic membrane.

- Tympanic Membrane: Vibrates in response to sound.

- Ossicles (Malleus, Incus, Stapes): Amplify sound vibrations.

- Oval and Round Windows: Transmit sound vibrations into the inner ear.

- Auditory Tube (Eustachian Tube): Equalizes pressure in the middle ear.

- Vestibulocochlear Nerve: Transmits sound and balance information to the brain.

- Semicircular Canals: Detect rotational movement.

- Vestibule: Detects gravity and linear acceleration.

- Cochlea: Contains the organ of Corti for sound detection.

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