Examples of citations APA Citations (2)

CHAPTER 2: FINDING INFORMATION AND CITING SOURCES

Overview of Library Resources

  • Interlibrary Loan Services: Borrowing materials not owned by one's own library can be facilitated through interlibrary loan services. Students should consult their reference librarian for assistance with this process.

Common Engineering Citation Formats

  • Overview of Variability: In engineering, numerous citation formats exist, reflecting the diversity of journals.
  • Finding Citation Styles: Search online for "engineering citation formats" or consult specialized resources like the Lehigh University website (2012).
  • Professional Societies: Organizations including:
    • American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE)
    • American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
    • American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
    • Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
    • Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
  • These societies may employ multiple formats based on specific journals or conferences.
  • **General Patterns: **
    • Citation formats may include APA and Chicago (name-year), with some omitting page numbers in in-text citations.
    • Life sciences predominantly utilize the Council of Science Editors (CSE) formats.
    • Humanities and social sciences typically employ MLA or Chicago style.
  • Instructor's Guidelines: The citation system utilized depends on the instructor's preference or the specific publication format required.

Overview of Citation Systems

Citation-Sequence System
  • In-text Citation Structure:
    • The in-text citation is represented by a number in square brackets or parentheses after the cited sentence. Some journals mandate a superscripted endnote; footnotes are generally not permitted.
    • References are ordered numerically in the reference list following the Discussion or Conclusion section.
  • Reference Example:
    • Implicit citation: …was confirmed in a previous study [1].
    • Explicit citation: …was confirmed by Rice (1).
  • End Reference Formats:
    • ASME Format:
    • [1] Rice, W. (1965). "An analytical and experimental investigation of multiple disk turbines." Journal of Engineering Power, 87, pp. 29-36.
    • AIChE Format:
    • [1] W. Rice (1965). "An analytical and experimental investigation of multiple disk turbines." Journal of Engineering Power, vol. 87, pp. 29-36.
    • IEEE Format:
    • [1] L. Rice, "An analytical and experimental investigation of multiple disk turbines," Journal of Engineering Power, vol. 87, pp. 29-36, 1965.
  • Commonalities Among Formats: Despite differences in punctuation and format specifics, all end references contain similar core information.
Name-Year System
  • In-text Citation Structure:
    • The in-text citation comprises the author(s) and the year of publication, occurring either in parentheses or as part of the sentence.
  • Examples of Citations:
    • Parenthetical citation: …was presented in a previous study (Romanin and Carey, 2011).
    • Explicit citation: Romanin and Carey (2011) suggest that disk turbines with efficiencies as high as 80% might be possible…
  • Citations with Multiple Authors: For three or more authors, use the first author's last name followed by "et al." : …was examined in previous studies (Kandlikar et al., 2005).
  • Distinction in References: The names and publication years are listed in alphabetical