ELS-2Q-Lesson1-Introduction-to-Life-Science
Earth and Life Science Quarter 2 Topics
Page 1: Overview of Topics
Evolving Concept of Life
Based on emerging pieces of evidence.
Introduction to Life Science
Unifying Themes in the Study of Life
Perpetuation of Life
Genetic Engineering
Benefits of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
Organ Systems of Representative Animals
Process of Evolution
Interaction and Interdependence
Page 2: Introduction to Life Science
Page 3: Theories of Life Origin
Theory of Special Creation
Theory of Spontaneous Generation
Theory of Biogenesis
Theory of Biochemical Evolution
Theory of Panspermia
Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vent Theory
Page 4: Theory of Special Creation
Definition: Belief that every species was individually created by God as described in the Book of Genesis.
Implication: Species are not capable of undergoing any change.
Page 5: Theory of Spontaneous Generation
Definition: Hypothetical process where living organisms develop from nonliving matter.
Page 6: Experiments Disproving Spontaneous Generation
Francesco Redi (1668)
Experiment with jars containing meat.
Open jar: Flies entered.
Gauze-covered jar: No flies entered, but eggs laid on gauze.
Sealed jar: No flies or eggs.
Louis Pasteur (1859)
Boiled broth in flasks to sterilize.
Open flask: Contaminated by bacteria from air.
Sealed flask: Remained sterile.
Page 7: Theory of Biogenesis
Definition: Life can only arise from preexisting life.
Importance: Fundamental to biology and molecular genetics.
Page 8: Theory of Biochemical Evolution
Oparin and Haldane Theory: Life arose through organic chemical reactions leading to complex biochemical structures.
Page 9: Theory of Panspermia
Definition: Life originated in space and was distributed to planets by comets and meteorites.
Page 10: Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Theory
Concept: Primordial life-forms originated at deep-sea vents, utilizing primitive cellular pumps for life-giving reactions.
Page 12: Types of Organisms
Unicellular Organisms:
Examples: Paramecium, Amoeba, Bacteria, Yeast.
Have one single-cell
Multicellular Organisms:
Examples: Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Human Body.
Have many cells
Humans are multicellular organism
Page 14: Common Ancestry
Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA): All living things originated from a common ancestor.
Page 15: Microfossils
Definition: Microscopic living cells dating back 3.5 billion years.
Page 16: Stromatolites
Definition: Layered structures formed by photosynthetic bacteria trapping minerals and sediment.
Page 17: Cyanobacteria
Definition: Photosynthetic bacteria.
Page 18: Evolution of Multicellular Organisms
Process: Transition from unicellular algae to multicellular aggregates.
Page 20: Cell Types
Eukaryotic Cell:
A defined nucleus, larger size, undergoes mitosis/meiosis.
Possessing a true nucleus
Prokaryotic Cell:
Lacks a distinct nucleus, smaller in size, unicellular.
Before nucleus
Page 24: Common Features of Cells
Three Common Features:
Cell Membrane: Separates cell from environment.
Cytoplasm: Jelly-like fluid inside the cell.
DNA/Genetic Material: Hereditary material in all cells.
Page 29: Eukaryotic Cells
Characteristics:
Linear DNA in a nucleus.
Larger size (10-100 µm).
More complex with membrane-bound organelles.
possesses a clearly defined nucleus
Undergoes Mitosis/Meiosis to make new cells
Multicellular
Membranebound organelles
Page 36: Prokaryotic Cells
Characteristics:
Lacks a distinct nucleus and other organelles due to absence of internal membrane
Smaller size (1-5 µm).
Evolutionarily older type of cell.
Unicellular
Page 40: Organelles
Definition: Small structures within a cell, surrounded by membranes, with specific functions. “Little organ”
Page 42: Nucleus
Function: Contains DNA and is the site of ribosome production.
Definition: It is the membrane-enclosed organelle within a cell that contains the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid and is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms.
Nuclear Membrane - Plasma membrane - serves to separate the chromosomes from the cell's cytoplasm and other contents
Chromatin - is a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
Chromosomes - are bundles of tightly coiled DNA located within the nucleus of almost every cell in our body
Ribosomes - site of protein synthesis in the cell
Nucleous - a spherical structure found in the cell's nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cell's ribosomes
Cytoplasm - gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM - produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function
Rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM - contains ribosomes
Smooth ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM - does not contain ribosomes
Protein - large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body. They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs
Page 56: Mitochondria
Function: Generate chemical energy (ATP) for cellular processes.
Page 62: Plant Cells
Characteristics: Eukaryotic cells with a cell wall, membrane-bound nucleus, and chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
Page 67: Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells
Plant Cells:
Cell wall, chloroplasts, large central vacuole.
Animal Cells:
Lysosomes, smaller vacuoles, centrioles.
Page 73: Summary of Cell Types
Eukaryotic Cells: Have a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles (plants and animals).
Prokaryotic Cells: Unicellular organisms without a nucleus or membrane-enclosed organ