RENAISSANCE ART

1. What Raphael painting, commissioned by Pope Julius III, depicts the virgin and child flanked by two saints, Sixtus and St. Barbara? 

   1. Sistine Madonna 

2. Which three giants of Italian art was the Italian Renaissance dominated by? 

   1. Leonardo da Vinci 

   2. Raphael 

   3. Michelangelo 

3. What artist and biographer said the Italian Renaissance represented the pinnacle of artistic achievement? 

   1. Giorgio Vasari

4. What kind of paint was frequently used throughout the Italian Renaissance to achieve the subtle, softening effects that were characteristic of the period? 

   1. Oil Paint

5. What city is most associated with the masterpieces of the High Renaissance? 

   1. Rome

6. In 1475, Pope Sixtus IV ordered the rebuilding of an old chapel to take on a new ceremonial role, what chapel was this?

   1. Sistine Chapel

7. Which Pope founded the Belvedere collection of sculptures after Apollo Belvedere was uncovered in the ruins of Rome? 

   1. Pope Julius II

8. Martin Luther’s name was carved into which of Raphael’s frescoes with a spear tip after the invasion of Charles V? 

   1. Disputa 

9. What building, inspired by circular Roman temples, was designed by Bramante and has perfect proportions? 

   1. Tempietto 

10. What is the direct translation of “sfumato”? 

    1. In the manner of smoke

11. Who developed the oil painting technique of sfumato that blurred edges and contours, creating the softened look the High Renaissance was known for, a shift from the previous style of hard-edge naturalism? 

    1. Leonardo

12. Moving away from the early Renaissance's mathematically plotted linear perspective technique, what kind of perspective became characteristic of the High Renaissance? 

    1. “Aerial” (atmospheric) perspective

13. What early work of Leonardo’s used pyramidal composition and became a prototype for High Renaissance painters? It depicts the Virgin and Child with St. John and an angel in a remote, cave-like setting. 

    1. The Virgin of the Rocks 

14. Who was Leonardo’s master that he learned much from and took much inspiration from, he was a sculptor and a painter. 

    1. Andrea del Verrocchio 

15. What work by Hans Memling used an early version of aerial perspective, specifically distant blue hills to create depth? 

    1. Passion of Christ 

16. What work by Botticelli depicted a tapestry of flowers that inspired Leonardo and furthered the idea of depictions of the natural world throughout the High Renaissance? 

    1. Primavera 

17. Who painted The Damned Consigned to Hell fresco based on a biblical apocalypse, showcasing an extreme talent in depicting the male nude in vigorous different positions? It was said that Michelangelo was a big fan. 

    1. Luca Signorelli 

18. What work, by Leonardo Da Vinci, is a portrait of a fashionable Florentine woman set against a mysterious, mountainous landscape? It is probably the world’s most famous painting. 

    1. Mona Lisa 

19. When Raphael moved to Rome, Pope Julius II commissioned him to paint what in the Vatican? 

    1. Stanza della Segnatura 

20. Who painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel? 

    1. Michelangelo 

21. What piece of the Belvedere collection depicts a Trojan priest and his sons being beaten to death by sea serpents? Michelangelo loved it and it was a part of Pope Julius II’s collection. 

    1. The Laocoon 

22. Which fresco by Raphael depicts the sea nymph Galatea riding on a shell pulled by dolphins? 

    1. Triumph of Galatea 

23. Who commissioned The Triumph of Galatea? 

    1. Agostino Chigi

24. Who painted The Annunciation with Six Saints? 

    1. Far Bartolommeo

25. Who painted The Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione? He was the author of The Courtier, a famous treatise describing ideal courtly behavior. 

    1. Raphael 

26. What work was commissioned for Sebastiona del Piombo to paint as a rival comparison piece to Raphael’s The Transguration? 

    1. The Raising of Lazarus 

27. What was Raphael’s last known, unfinished work? 

    1. The Raising of Lazarus 

28. What cathedral did Correggio receive a major commission to fresco the dome, choir vault, and apse? 

    1. Parma Cathedral 

29. What painting on the dome of the Parma Cathedral was the only part that Correggio finished? 

    1. Assumption of the Virgin 

30. Who painted the Madonna of the Harpies? He was inspired by the three greats of this time but developed his own style with serenity and stateliness. 

    1. Andrea del Sarto 

31. Who painted Melissa? He worked at the court of the Este family and frequently painted mythological creatures, religious works, and portraits. 

    1. Dosso Dossi 

32. What series does Correggio begin for Federico II Gonzaga, the 5th Marchese of Mantua? It was a gift for Emperor Charles V. 

    1. Loves of Jupiter 

33. Which one of Correggio’s paintings from the Loves of Jupiter series is most popular? It depicts the nymph Io being seduced by the Greek God Jupiter who has transformed himself into a cloud to ravish her. 

    1. Jupiter and Io 

34. Who wrote Lives of the Artists? It is the primary source of all things Renaissance Era. 

    1. Giorgio Vasari 

35. What was Raphael’s most famous fresco? It was painted in the Vatican Palace, depicting all of the great thinkers of the ancient world. 

    1. School of Athens 

Chapter 4: Venetian Renaissance - Tyler; 110-119

1. This city, the foremost trading hub in Renaissance Europe, was founded in ancient times on a lagoon in the most ideal position for trade with the East. Name this very politically stable Italian city-state that sponsored artists like Palma Vecchio, Titian, Bellini, and Veronese. 

   1. Venice ★

2. The Venetian Republic’s great political stability at the time was due to its political system, in which its leaders were Venice’s noble families who ruled under what elected magistrate, who represented the Republic but had no political power?

   1. the Doge

3. Artistic commissions in Venice came from the State and what other party, consisting of charitable organizations that also functioned as social clubs for Venetian citizens?

   1. the scuole

4. What was the name of Venice’s currency, one of the strongest in contemporary Europe?

   1. the ducat

5. Although Venice’s humid climate couldn’t support frescoes, unlike hot, dry Tuscany, there was a large supply of canvas from what Venetian industry?

   1. Sailcloth

6. This artist, sibling to one of Venice’s most important painters, was sent to Constantinople for the court of Sultan Mehmed II, in compliance with an Ottoman peace treaty with Venice, who created paintings like Seated Scribe.

   1. Gentile Bellini (First name necessary)

7. In 1568 a revised edition of a series of biographies titled Lives of Artists was published by this man, in which this second edition covered much more Venetian art.

   1. Giorgio Vasari

8. This man’s father was taught by International Gothic master Gentile da Fabriano, while this man was heavily influenced by his brother-in-law, Andrea Mantegna, and developed a new sense of pictorial space. Name this man of a famous painter family, attributed with the development of the distinctive Venetian Renaissance style, creating works like Madonna and Child & The Agony in the Garden.

   1. Giovanni Bellini ★

9. This style of painting was brought to Venice by Antonella da Messina, and techniques of this style were also developed, most importantly Leonardo da Vinci’s sfumato. Name this style of painting, introduced to Italy by northern Europeans like Joos van Ghent and being especially important to Venice and the canvas.

   1. Oil painting

10.  This scene, which was painted in egg tempera rather than oil, depicts Jesus’s night of praying before his crucifixion, as his disciples sleep in the foreground and his enemies arrive to arrest him in the background. Unlike Mantegna, who painted the same depiction, Giovanni Bellini sets this scene at daybreak. Name this painting that is thought to be the first dawn in Italian painting. 

    1. The Agony in the Garden ★

11. This man created poesie, which were painted “poems” for King Phillip II of Spain. His patrons also included other royalty, such as Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Name this artist, who dominated and spread Venetian art after the death of Giovanni Bellini, and whose works like The Assumption of the Virgin, Charles V on Horseback, and Bacchus and Ariadne inspired future artists like Veronese and Tintoretto.

    1. Titian ★

12. What Sicilian painter is remembered as one of the pioneers of the oil painting style, and is famous for introducing its “secrets” to Venice and inspiring influential artists like Giovanni Bellini, and created works like St. Jerome in his Study and Portrait of a Man?

    1. Antonello da Messina ★

13. This painter was one of the original and most influential artists of the Venetian Renaissance, although he mainly worked for private collectors. The painter and writer Marco Boschini said he was “the first to learn how to create marvels in painting”. Name this artist of The Tempest, whose early death gave rise to artists like Titian to dominate Venetian art.

    1. Giorgione

14. In one “beautiful but bizarre” composition by this artist, the angel Gabriel appears on one knee, startling the Virgin Mary and a cat, who runs behind her. In 1554 this man settled down for the first time in the pilgrimage town of Loreto, where he was sworn in as a lay brother. Name this traveling artist of works like his The Annunciation.

    1. Lorenzo Lotto

15. In one composition by this artist, which was revealed by x-rays to have been altered significantly in its creation, a cherub can be seen binding two gods together lovingly, while another restrains the horse of one of the gods. This man was interrogated in 1573 by the Inquisition for his inclusion of figures like a buffoon with a parrot in his interpretation of The Last Supper, and he was famously quoted with replying that artists have a “poetic license”. Though not Romeo or Juliet, this man, born Paolo Caliari, acquired his nickname from the town of his birth. Name this artist of supreme color and friend of Tintoretto, who is renowned for his illusionistic works and his lively, large-scale paintings of biblical feasts, as well as altarpieces, portraits, and mythological paintings, and created works like Mars and Venus United by Love.

    1. Veronese ★

16. This artist’s paintings are often characterized by religious intensity and dramatic light and shade, in contrast to the pictorial beauty and decorative color in the compositions of his friend Veronese. One work created by this man in the same year as his death, 1594, uses the angling of the table to create a dramatic use of perspective to zoom into the dark depths of the picture. Name this artist of the canvas painting The Last Supper.

    1. Tintoretto

17. This masterpiece of the Venetian Renaissance was the first of three mythological paintings painted for the study of Alfonso d’Este. Based on the stories told by Ovid and Catallus, it depicts the meeting of the daughter of King Minos, who was abandoned by her lover Theseus, who sails away from the island of Naxos in the top corner of the painting, and a god whose noisy and drunk entourage startles the main female figure with loud, crashing cymbals. The god leaps from his chariot and flings her crown into the heavens, immortalizing her as a constellation, displayed in the top right corner. Give the name of this love-at-first-sight painting, whose highlights of expensive ultramarine blue contrast the reds and pinks of the two main figures, a beautiful composition by the great artist Titian.

    1. Bacchus and Ariadne ★

Chapter 5: Northern Renaissance - Tyler; 120-131

1. The artist Mathis Grünewald sympathized with one side of this event, causing his career to be essentially finished when he left his Catholic patron. Hans Holbein fared better, moving to England under the court of Henry VIII as patronage declined. What was the name of this 16th century movement, whose separation from the Catholic Church led to a rise in secular painting and naturalism.

   1. the Protestant Reformation

2. What is the term for the destruction of religious images, such as, famously, the carving of Martin Luther’s name on Raphael’s Disputa with a spear tip by the forces of Charles V while sacking Rome?

   1. iconoclasm

3. This style of painting developed as regional artists moved away from the decorative International Gothic, and was taught in the Netherlandish School, founded by the Master of Flémalle and Jan van Eyck. Name this painting style that developed in the southern Netherlands and blended realistic detail with spiritual symbolism.

   1. Flemish Naturalism ★

4. This celebrated double portrait depicts a wealthy couple in a domestic interior, and is thought to commemorate a titular Italian merchant and his wife. Although scholars debate the painting’s subject, and the extent to which the meticulously painted objects have symbolic significance, many agree on its beautiful level of realism and detail. Name this painting by Jan van Eyck, strongly correlated with the oil painting technique.

   1. The Arnolfini Portrait ★

5. In 1422 this man worked for the Count of Holland in The Hague, and three years later he became a court painter to Philip the Good of Burgundy, in Bruges, where he would remain for the rest of his life, until being succeeded by Petrus Christus. This artist mastered and perfected a certain art technique, allowing him to achieve luminous, jewel-like colors and extraordinary clarity. Name this cofounder of the Netherlandish School, whose famous oil paintings like the Ghent Altarpiece and The Arnolfini Portrait displayed his importance in the Flemish Naturalism movement. 

   1. Jan van Eyck ★

6. The nickname of this artist was invented for a group of paintings once mistakenly believed to have been from a homonymously named abbey. Although they were once thought to be from a young Rogier van der Weyden, scholars now almost certainly believe it was from a different artist in Tournai. What is the name of this man, thought to be Robert Campin, whose paintings like The Mérode Altarpiece and The Entombment are displayed along Jan van Eyck’s in the Netherlandish School.

   1. The Master of Flémalle ★

7. This man’s original name meant “of the pasture”, though he is more commonly known by the Dutch translation. The son of a cutler, he was apprenticed by Robert Campin in Tournai. By 1436, he became the leading appointed painter of the city of Brussels, and in 1444, after van Eyck’s death, he joined the court of Philip the Good. Name this great painter of Descent From the Cross, whose naturalistic, emotionally sensitive style credits him with having the largest impact on the development of Netherlandish art.

   1. Rogier van der Weyden ★

8. In one part of a diptych by this artist, the treasurer of King Charles VII of France and his name saint are depicted in a precisely realized Italianate interior, while the other part depicts the Virgin and Child surrounded by blue and red cherubim and sephurim in an unrealistic, heavenly space, modeled around the King’s mistress, Agnes Sorel. Name this artist of the Melun Diptych, who illuminated a Book of Hours for Etienne Chevalier, his most important patron, between 1450 and 1460.

   1. Jean Fouquet

9. This man, born Jerome van Aken, was a leading member of a religious organization called Brotherhood of Our Lady. This wealthy Orthodox Catholic lived far away from mainstream Netherlandish painting, which contributed to his uniquely imaginative depictions of sin and folly with fantastical imagery. Name this artist of The Garden of Earthly Delights, which, despite its triptych format, was created for an aristocrat’s palace rather than a church.

   1. Hieronymus Bosch ★

10. In one Self Portrait With Gloves by this artist, he attempts to depict himself as a gentleman, with one of his goals being a status elevation for artists. Name this artist, who was proclaimed to be the greatest German artist of his time on a journey to Aachen for the coronation of King Charles V.

    1. Albrecht Dürer

11. One work by this man depicts Charon ferrying midway between Paradise and Hell. His origin in the Meuse Valley is thought to have been the main inspiration for his landscape paintings, rather than portraits, as was common at the time. Name this member of the Painter’s Guild in Antwerp and artist of Charon Crossing the Styx, whose friend Quentin Massys became guardian of his children after his death.

    1. Joachim Patinir ★

12. One quote about this painter says “When he traveled through the Alps, [he] swallowed all the mountains and spat them out on his canvases and panels”, in reference to the trip he took to Italy early in his career. He gained the nickname “Peasant”, accompanied by his surname, due to his humane depictions of  rural life. Despite this nickname, he spent most of his time in cities rather than the countryside. Name this painter, draftsman, and printmaker whose paintings like Hunters in the Snow display his change in style after moving from Antwerp to Brussels in 1563.

    1. Pieter Bruegel the Elder ★

13. What is the title of the 1533 painting by Hans Holbein the Younger that depicts two life-size figures, Jean de Dinteville and Georges de Selve, and includes hidden symbols like a distorted skull, a broken string on a lute, and a crucifix to convey deeper messages about mortality and salvation?

    1.  The Ambassadors ★

14. Who was the German-born artist, the son of a successful painter, who became renowned as the supreme portraitist of his time, working in England for figures like Sir Thomas More and eventually receiving royal patronage from Henry VIII?

    1. Hans Holbein the Younger ★