AP U.S. History Super Review Notes

AP U.S. History

• SSS #4 Rotation 3: Review of content by time period (3-8) and how America changed over time.- In-depth review of key terms in each time period and how they led to change over time.

  • Step-by-step analysis for understanding the question and brainstorming relevant facts.

  • Writing context to the prompt.

  • Writing a thesis statement that is complex and covers all parts of the prompt.

  • Writing a great essay that scores well on the AP U.S. History rubric.

  • It is not necessary to know every term that contributed or helped to define each event; adding your own terms that help explain the event that eventually leads to change is acceptable.

APUSH – Period 3 Super Review (1754 - 1800)

• Directions: Match the Big Idea in Column 1 with a relative Understanding of Terms and Changes in Columns 2 and 3.

1. French & Indian War (1754 – 1763)

• Event: British and French colonial policies collide in W. PA (Fort Duquesne /Pitt) in a war that joined the British army and American colonial militias against the French and Indians.

• Understanding of Terms: Albany Congress (a meeting of delegates from several British colonies to improve colonial relations and defense), militia (a military force composed of ordinary citizens), Treaty of Paris-1763 (ended the French and Indian War, with France ceding territory to Britain), Pontiac’s Rebellion (a Native American uprising against British rule in the Great Lakes region).

• How did this change America? American colonists went from proud supporters of Britain in the war to revolutionaries within a dozen years following the FR/IND War.

2. Mercantilism & Resentment (1763 – 1775)

• Event: British debt following the war forced Parliament to alter its policy of salutary neglect and begin passing and enforcing laws aimed at restricting colonists and enforcing a variety of tax laws. American colonists will grow increasingly hostile to British rule.

• Understanding of Terms: Mercantilism (economic system where the mother country controls trade to benefit itself), 700 million debt (the debt Great Britain incurred from the French and Indian War), Parliament (the British legislative body), Proclamation of 1763 (forbade colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains), Stamp Act (tax on printed materials), Sugar Act (tax on sugar and other goods), Townshend Acts (taxes on various imported goods).

• How did this change America? Am. colonists will organize a variety of forms of resistance against G.B. which will lead to violence.

3. Independence Movement (1763 – 1776)

• Event: "Taxation without representation is tyranny."

• Understanding of Terms: Committees of Correspondence (colonial groups that exchanged information about British policies and resistance efforts), Non-importation Assoc. (agreements to boycott British goods), Sons of Liberty (a Patriot group that used intimidation and violence to protest British policies), Daughters of Liberty (women who supported the boycott of British goods), Militias (colonial military forces), Minute Men (colonial soldiers ready to fight at a moment's notice).

4. American Revolutionary War (1775 – 1783)

• Event: A ragtag continental army will gradually gain experience and with a major victory at the battle of Saratoga will encourage full military support from France which will help win the final victory of the war at Yorktown. The Treaty of Paris 1783 gave the U.S. very generous terms.

• Understanding of Terms: Lexington/Concord (the first battles of the Revolutionary War), 2nd Continental Congress (the governing body of the American colonies during the war), Olive Branch Petition (a final attempt to avoid war with Britain), Declaration of Independence (declared the colonies' independence from Britain), George Washington (commander of the Continental Army), France/Spain/Netherlands (European countries that aided the American cause), Valley Forge (site of the Continental Army's winter encampment), Saratoga/Yorktown (key American victories), Treaty of Paris (ended the Revolutionary War).

5. Articles of Confederation & Problems (1777 – 1787)

• Event: The first national government of the United States of America. Very weak national gov’t in which states held most pol. power. AoC gov’t proved too weak to settle disputes or represent national interests. Final straw was Daniel Shays’ rebellion in MASS in which the federal gov’t had no authority and no power to put down the revolt.

• Understanding of Terms: Weak government/few powers (the central government under the Articles had limited authority), States loosely organized (states retained significant autonomy), State’s rights (the belief that states have certain rights the federal government cannot infringe upon), No uniform currency (each state had its own currency, hindering trade), Trade wars (economic conflicts between states), No foreign respect (foreign countries did not respect the weak U.S. government), right of deposit (the right to store goods at a port), Port of New Orleans (a crucial port for American trade), Daniel Shays’ (leader of Shays' Rebellion).

6. Constitutional Convention issues & compromise (1787)

• Event: : State delegates met in Philadelphia in 1787 to discuss the national problems and how to alter the national government to address the many problems. These delegates will quickly discard the Articles format for a stronger form of gov’t with more branches and more power.

• Understanding of Terms: Great Compromise (established a bicameral legislature with representation based on population in the House and equal representation in the Senate), 3/5 Compromise (determined that enslaved people would be counted as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation), Commerce Compromise (resolved disputes over tariffs and trade regulations).

• How did this change America?: Economic and foreign problems compounded by the recent rebellion in MASS encouraged Federalists to call for a convention in Phila. to revise and slightly strengthen the AoC. This plan soon proved unworkable and a whole new plan of gov’t with much greater powers was soon adopted after a number of key compromises none being more important that the Great Compromise which settled state representation in the new bi-cameral congress. Another sharply debated issue was how to count enslaved peoples for representation. It was decided at 60%.

7. Debates over the extent of power (1787 – 1790’s)

• Event: The creation of a stronger national gov’t with powers greater than the states created a national debate between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists. A compromise finally helped gain state support.

• Understanding of Terms: Alex. Hamilton (a leading Federalist and advocate for a strong national government), James Madison (known as the "Father of the Constitution" and a key Federalist), Federalist Essays (essays written to support the ratification of the Constitution), Thomas Jefferson (a leading Anti-Federalist who favored states' rights), Patrick Henry (an Anti-Federalist who opposed the Constitution), Bill of Rights (the first ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing individual rights).

• How did this change America?: With the support of the 9 state (and eventually all 13) a new debate began between the Federalists who wanted to expand the powers of the new national gov’t and the Dem-Rep. Party led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison over limiting the size and scope of the national gov’t.

8. Washington administration domestic and foreign issues (1789 – 1797)

• Event: New battle will develop with the Federalists attempting to expand the size and power of the new Constitutional gov’t while the Democratic-Republicans will attempt to limit those moves.

• Understanding of Terms: Bank of the U.S. debate – supported by Federalists and Hamilton using the necessary and proper clause (elastic). Assumption bill – To establish credit & power of the new federal gov Hamilton proposes the national gov’t assume Rev. War debts from AoC gov’t and all state debts. South gets capitol located between VA and MD. Whiskey tax and rebellion – To help pay the war bonds, Hamilton proposes a tax on distilled alcohol. This sparks an anti-tax revolt in W. PA (Whiskey Rebellion). At Hamilton’s urging, Washington raises an army of 12,000 and marches it to W. PA. Rebellion is crushed. Shows power & legitimacy of the new gov’t. Neutrality – Pres. Washington does not want the U.S. to get involved in the unending European rivalry wars. U.S. is too weak and has no national interests in involvement. Washington’s Farewell Address – Advice to the nation to avoid entangling alliances and political factions (parties).

APUSH – Period 4 Super Review (1800 - 1848)

• Directions: Match the Big Idea in Column 1 with a relative Understanding of Terms and Changes in Columns 2 and 3.

1. “Revolution of 1800”

• Event: Political power transfers from Federalists to Dem-Republicans. A peaceful transfer of power from one rival group to another without a drop of blood. First time in modern history.

• Understanding of Terms: John Adams, Federalist Party, Thomas Jefferson, Democratic-Republicans, Limited federal government Marbury v Madison, “yeoman” farmer

2. 1st. Industrial Revolution & Inventions (1790 – 1850)

• Event: American economy will change with the introduction of water-powered factories. Other inventions like the steam boat, telegraph and canals will revolutionize transportation and communication and fuel production and westward expansion.

• Understanding of Terms: Sam Slater, water-powered factory system, Cotton gin, steam boat, telegraph Erie Canal, RR, factory

3. War of 1812 & Era of Good Feelings (1812 – 1824)

• Event: A desire for new lands, respect on the high seas and “war hawks” leads the U.S. into its second war with Britain. With no issues resolved, Americans still think they won and enter into an “Era of Good Feelings” with 1 pol. party, economic prosperity and nationalism. The Era of Good Feelings will end with the Election of 1824 and Jackson’s accusation of a “corrupt bargain” and the creation of the Democratic Party.

• Understanding of Terms: Rights on the high seas, impressment, Canada Washington DC, Tecumseh, Fallen Timber Tippecanoe, Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans, Treaty of Ghent, Nationalism Henry Clay – American System, “Corrupt Bargain”

• How did this change America?: With the new Const. design, a national debate broke out between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. A major campaign for states to ratify the new plan was begun. Bill of Rights.

4. Age of the Common Man/Rise of the West (1820 1840)

• Event: The “common” man came to power as western states entered the Union and eastern states ended their property requirements for voting. Andrew Jackson was the personification of this transfer of political power to the west.

• Understanding of Terms: Property requirements, voting rights, western states Andrew Jackson, common man, Democrats “Kitchen Cabinet”, spoils system, “Bank War”, “Tariff of Abominations”, South Carolina – nullification, Worcester v. Georgia, John Marshall, “Trail of Tears” Specie Circular, Panic of 1837

5. Territorial Expansion (1803 – 1848)

• Event: LO Purchase, FL annex, TX and MX/AM War are examples of westward expansion. Man. Destiny brings huge opportunities for the U.S. but brings the nation into conflict with other nations and tribes. Territorial expansion will also re-ignite sectional divisions.

• Understanding of Terms: Louisiana – 1803, President Jefferson, France Corps of Discover (Lewis and Clark Expedition), Oregon Florida – 1819, Adams-Oniz Treaty, Texas War for Independence – 1835-1836, Alamo Santa Anna, Lone Star Republic Oregon – 1845, 54-40 or Fight 49th. parallel Mexican-American War 1846 – 1848, James K. Polk Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Mexican cession California, Sutter’s Mill, 49ers gold rush

6. 2nd. Great Awakening & Reform Movements (1800 – 1840)

• Event: Belief in doing good works in this world along with many social problems brought by the industrial revolution begins many social reform movements for women, temperance, religious revivals, utopian communities, common schools, asylum/prison reform and abolition.

• Understanding of Terms: Protestant revival, Baptist and Methodist, Second Coming, “burned-over district” Camp meetings, Temperance Abolitionism, Frederick Douglass, William L. Garrison, Uncle Tom’s Cabin Women’s rights, Seneca Falls, Elizabeth C. Stanton, Declaration of Sentiments, Common School, Horace Mann Asylum reform, Dorothea Dix

7. Immigration 1820 – 1860 & 1870 - 1910

• Event: Immigration patterns changed from Western and Northern Europe 1820 – 1860. Immigration changed to Southern and Eastern Europe and Asia from 1870 – 1900.

• Understanding of Terms: Northern and Western Europe, Northeastern cities Southern and Eastern Europe, Ellis Island China, Angel Island, Opportunity, security, freedom.

APUSH – Periods 5 - 6 Super Review (1848 - 1898)

• Directions: Match the Big Idea in Column 1 with a relative Understanding of Terms and Changes in Columns 2 and 3.

1. Slavery and States’ Rights (1619 – 1865)

• Event: With the expansion of cotton and the U.S. territory slavery also expanded. As the nation expanded sectional issues became more prominent. The idea of compact, nullification and secession also expanded.

• Understanding of Terms: Cash crop economy, slave-based society, state supremacy Nullification, secession, “compact” relationship of the states to the federal union

2. Compromise & the failure of Compromise (1820 – 1861)

• Event: The MO Compromise and Compromise of 1850 were able to temporarily settle the issue of slavery but after the KA/NB Act of 1854 the pro-slave/abolitionist forces became more radical.

• Understanding of Terms: Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Bleeding Kansas, John Brown Abolitionists v. Apologists Harper’s Ferry, Fort Sumter

3. Civil War (1861 – 1865)

• Event: After the election of Lincoln in 1860 SC and 10 other states seceded from the Union. The firing on Ft. Sumter started the Civil War which did not end until Appomattox. Lincoln was assassinated a few days later in DC.

• Understanding of Terms: Confederacy, South, North, Union, Total war, Abraham Lincoln, Jefferson Davis, Iron clads Gettysburg, Emancipation Proclamation, Draft, Sherman’s “March to the Sea” Appomattox Court House, Ford’s Theater

4. Reconstruction & Amendments (1865 – 1877)

• Event: With the complete destruction of the Confederacy the North had to rebuild the South. Two forms of reconstruction emerged harsh and soft. The radical Republicans of Congress took over Reconstruction and send 5 armies to occupy the South as they passed the 13 – 14 – 15 Amendments. Reconstruction ended with Hayes’ contested election in 1876.

• Understanding of Terms: Lenient vs. Harsh, Radical Republicans, Freedmen’s Bureau Presidential Reconstruction v. Congressional Reconstruction 10% plan, 50% plan, 5 military districts Carpetbaggers and scalawags, KKK, 13th. 14th. & 15th. Amendments, Compromise of 1876

5. Jim Crow, Sharecropping and rights restrictions (1877 – 1960’s)

• Event: At the end of Reconstruction, the Redeemer gov’ts retook control of Southern gov’ts and returned the South to the Democratic Party known as the “Solid South”. Black codes, Jim Crow laws and sharecropping took over the South and were reinforced by Plessy.

• Understanding of Terms: Redeemer governments = Solid South, Black codes Jim Crow Laws, Segregation, Literacy tests, Grandfather clause, Sharecropping, Plessy v. Ferguson

6. Gilded Age & urbanization (1870 – 1910)

• Event: The Civil War sparked a second Industrial Revolution and the growth of American business supported by federal contracts, tariffs, and a laissez-faire gov’t. Businesses like Carnegie Steel and Standard Oil became examples of business practices.

• Understanding of Terms: = distribution of wealth, robber barons v. captains of industry Carnegie – steel, Rockefeller – Standard Oil Company Southern & Eastern European immigrants, tenement apartments Ellis Island/Angel Island

7. Immigration 1820 – 1860 & 1870 - 1910

• Event: Great opportunity for CCOT. (Continuity)

• Question: Why did people come to America over time? (Change) What changed about the people who came to America?

• Understanding of Terms: First wave from Northern and Western Europe. Reasons for immigration. Second wave from Southern and Easter Europe. Reasons for immigration.

8. Frontier

• Event: America will focus its energies on overseas expansion instead of internal.

• Understanding of Terms: Frederick Jackson Taylor – Frontier thesis, Great Plains Homestead Act 1862 By 1890 U.S. census declared that there was no more frontier left in America. FJ Turner wrote his thesis in 1893 that the frontier was the longest-lasting, most important variable in American history. Great American Desert myth.

APUSH – Period 7 Super Review (1898 - 1945)

• Directions: Match the Term in Column 1 with a relative Understanding of Terms and Changes in Columns 2 and 3.

1. Gilded Age (1870 – 1900)

• Event: The 2nd. I R transformed America into an economic giant capable of producing as much steel, iron, coal, oil, cotton, grain as any nation on earth.

• Understanding of Terms: Meaning “covered in gold”. Age of massive industrial growth and individual wealth against growing urban and rural poverty. “Robber Baron” vs. “Captains of Industry”. Carnegie and Rockefeller. Vertical vs. Horizontal integration Taylorism. Horizontal vs. Vertical.

2. Imperialism (1890 – 1900)

• Event: As a result of the close of the frontier and industrial growth as well as expansionists like Alfred Thayer Mahan, Theodore Roosevelt, John Hay America will begin to expand.

• Understanding of Terms: America took Hawaii and Wake Islands in the Pacific. Declared war on Spain to take Puerto Rico and Cuba in the Caribbean and the Philippines in the Pacific.

3. Labor Movement (1870 – 1910)

• Event: In response to the massive growth of industry and the unequal wealth created from the Gilded Age, American Labor will organize and become more violent in their attempt to redistribute massive fortunes. Rise of Marxist Socialism.

• Understanding of Terms: Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor, Wobblies Haymarket bombing, RR strike, Homestead Steel strike

4. Populist Movement (1890 – 1898)

• Event: Similar to industrial workers, farmers in the South and West will feel left behind. Farmers will organize in the Populist Movement behind W.J. Bryan the Omaha Platform and the “cross of gold” speech.

• Understanding of Terms: Great Plains farmers, Omaha Platform, gov’t regulation, William Jennings Bryan, “cross of gold”, silver Omaha Platform, Progressive Income Tax Gov’t regulation of business, Direct Election of Senators

5. Progressive Movement (1900 – 1917)

• Event: The Progressive Movement will pick up where the Populist Movement left off. Unlike the Populists, Progressives were easterners, who were college educated and well connected and able to expand on the farmers’ demands.

• Understanding of Terms: Eastern elite, muckrakers, government regulation 16th. 17th. 18th. 19th. Amendments Meat Inspection Act, Federal Reserve Act, Conservation, Theodore Roosevelt, Jacob Riis, Ida Tarbell

6. WW I, Versailles & the League (1917 – 1919)

• Event: Am. enters WW I reluctantly and wins the war for the Allies but loses the peace by failing to endorse the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations. Debate between internationalists, reservationists and irreconcilables Art. X

• Understanding of Terms: World War I unrestricted submarine warfare Lusitania 14 Points Treaty of Versailles League of Nations Article X Reservationists Irreconcilables Isolation “Humanity” pointing to the Senate for the death of “Treaty of Peace”.

7. Golden Twenties (1919 – 1929)

• Event: Post-war prosperity and nativism and prohibition control the 1920’s. The Scopes Monkey trail shows the conflict between urban-modern and rural-conservative values.

• Understanding of Terms: Speculation, credit (installment), flappers, prohibition Bootlegging “wets” v “drys” The Great Gatsby Red Scare Palmer Raids Scopes Monkey Trial Lindbergh “The business of America is business.” Coolidge prosperity

8. Harlem Renaissance (1915 – 1930’s)

• Event: The Great Migration (1910 – 1920) of Afr-Ams from rural, agrarian South to urban, industrial North for manufacturing and social change bring opportunities and challenges.

• Understanding of Terms: African-American culture moves from the South to the Northern cities in the form of jazz, literature, and art. Cotton club, Louis Armstrong, Langston Hughes

9. Market “Crash” & Depression (1929 – 1940)

• Event: Post war prosperity will last for a decade until over speculation in the market and extension of credit will create economic unrest by the end of the 1920’s. Great Gatsby. Crash of the Market. End of Republican Party domination.

• Understanding of Terms: Over speculation, stock market “crash”, bank panics “runs” President Hoover “prosperity is just around the corner” Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 1st. Bonus Army Election of 1932 “… a new deal for the forgotten man.”

10. New Deal Programs (1933 – 1938)

• Event: FDR and a Democrat Party Congress will attempt unprecedented gov’t action to get the national economy moving and put people back to work and benefit businesses. This all began with the 100 days and sweeping legislation. The goal of the New Deal is Relief – Recovery – and Reform.

• Understanding of Terms: New Deal Hundred Days Alphabet Soup prime the pump Democrat coalition relief, recovery, and reform bank holiday CCC AAA WPA TVA SS FDIC Fireside chats Constitutional challenges

11. WW II & world organizations (1938 – 1950’s)

• Event: The attack on Am. bases drew the U.S. into the war. The U.S. industrial capacity was a major asset in the war effort. Following the war the U.S. became involved in several post-war organizations.

• Understanding of Terms: America First Cash & Carry Lend and Lease Pearl Harbor Yalta Pottsdam atomic bomb (Hiroshima Nagasaki) U.N. NATO

APUSH – Period 8 Super Review (1945 - 1980)

• Directions: Match the Big Idea in Column 1 with a relative Understanding of Terms and Changes in Columns 2 and 3.

1. Age of Conformity & Comfort (1945 – 1960)

• Event: WW II ended the Great Depression and sent the U.S. into economic prosperity but this led to a generation of conformity as seen by Levittown suburbs.

• Understanding of Terms: Following WW II American entered a period of world peace and economic prosperity. This led to a time of conformity and commercialism. Levittown, baby boom, convenience items

2. Cold War competition & paranoia (1947 – 1991)

• Event: Am. defeated Nazism but soon faced threat from the USSR and communism. The U.S. entered a period of paranoia that Communists had infiltrated all aspects of gov’t, educ. and Hollywood. The U.S. soon found itself fighting communism in Korea and Vietnam.

• Understanding of Terms: Fearing the spread of Communism [Socialism]. Competition between the U.S.S.R. and its satellite nations and the U.S.A. and its nations. Containment, George Kennan “X”, Senator G. McCarthy, Richard Nixon, Korea, Vietnam, Cuban Missile Crisis, Rosenberg,

3. 2nd. Civil Rights Movement ( 1948 - ?? )

• Event: WW II began for Afr-Ams with a goal of the Double V campaign. Pres. Truman de-segregated the U.S. armed forces in 1948 and the NAACP won the Brown case in 1954 which opened the door to a street campaign beginning with Rosa Parks and ML King.

• Understanding of Terms: America’s freeing the world from oppression and racism fueled a 2nd. Civil Rights Movement. Pres. Truman de-segregated military 1948. Brown v. Board, Rosa Parks 1955, ML King, Central H.S. Little Rock, Ark. 1957, Greensboro lunch counter 1960, 1963 March

4. Women’s Rights Movement (1963 - ?? )

• Event: With the expansion of Civil Rights, the women’s rights movement was re-ignited by a book written by Betty Friedan in 1963 by the name of The Feminine Mystique. This book revealed a feeling that millions of women could identify with.

• Understanding of Terms: The next surge for equal status and treatment began with a book in 1963 … The Feminine Mystique – Betty Friedan, 1963 Equal Pay Act, Griswold v CT 1965, Title IX-1972, Roe v Wade 1973, 2013 women permitted in combat role

5. Johnson and “The Great Society” (1964 – 1965)

• Event: Pres. Johnson hoped to end poverty in Am. through education and an expansion of welfare programs. His war on poverty was derailed by the war in Vietnam.

• Understanding of Terms: Pres. Johnson’s plan to eliminate poverty and racial injustice through federal spending on education, urban and rural poverty. This was a “War on Poverty” in America. Head Start, Job Corps, VISTA, Medicaid & Medicare,

• Quote: “We have the opportunity to move not only toward the rich society and the powerful society, but upward to the Great Society.” Pres. Johnson 1964.

6. Student Free Speech Movement & Rebellion (1964 – 1970’s)

• Event: As a result of growing opposition to U.S. involvement in Vietnam and growing student activism. The counterculture of the 1960’s led to the Hippie movement which embraced free speech, free thought and free love. Unfortunately this movement became too excessive with drugs and free thought.

• Understanding of Terms: University of California – Berkeley campus Anti-war demonstrations Counterculture of the 1960’s (Hippie) Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

7. Environmental Protection Movement (1962 -?? )

• Event: Rachel Carson published a book in 1962 which alerted Americans to the dangers of destroying their environment especially chemical pesticides.

• Understanding of Terms: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1970, DDT

8. Foreign policy changes & challenges to supremacy (1945 – 1980)

• A variety of foreign conflicts challenged U.S. supremacy

• Understanding of Terms: Chinese civil war, Korean War Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam War Arab Oil Embargo, Iranian Hostage crisis

APUSH – Period 7 Matching Trios Domestic Policy: 1890-1945

• Directions: Fill-in the blanks. . . linking the Person in Column One with a related Vocabulary term in Column Two and some Historical Event that relates to the person or action you mentioned in Columns 2 & 3. Try to fill in as many items as you remember.

APUSH Period 8 Matching Trios - Review 1945-1980

• Match the columns and add anything else you can think of and share with the group.