Comprehensive Study Notes: Bangladesh and Global Studies (Class 9 and 10)

The British rule in the Indian Subcontinent ended in $1947$ , leading to the creation of Pakistan ( $14$ August) and India ( $15$ August). Pakistan consisted of West Pakistan and East Bengal (East Pakistan).
Power was concentrated in West Pakistan's wealthy elite, leading to discrimination against East Pakistan in language, culture, politics, and economy.

Background: The debate began in $1937$ when Mohammad Ali Jinnah proposed Urdu as the Muslim League's official language. In $1947$ , Dr. Ziauddin Ahmed (Aligarh University) proposed Urdu as Pakistan's state language, while Dr. Muhammad Shahidullah and others argued for Bangla.
Tamaddun Majlis: A cultural organization formed at Dhaka University on September $2$ , $1947$ , headed by Professor Abul Qasem.
Key Protests:
- December $1947$ : Education conference in Karachi recommended Urdu as the state language, sparking fierce protests.
- March $11$ , $1948$ : Declared 'Bangla Language Day'. $69$ protesters were arrested.
- Eight-Point Agreement: Signed by Chief Minister Khawja Nazimuddin and 'Rastrabhasha Sangram Porishad', promising the unconditional release of detainees and declaring Bangla as a medium of instruction.
- Jinnah's Declaration: On March $21$ , $1948$ , Jinnah declared at the Racecourse ground, "Urdu and only Urdu shall be the state language of Pakistan."
Martyr's Day: On February $21$ , $1952$ , police opened fire on a student procession defying Section $144$ . Martyrs included Abul Barkat, Jabbar, Rafique, and Salam.
Significance: Bangla was recognized as a state language in the $1956$ Constitution. In $1999$ , UNESCO recognized February $21$ as International Mother Language Day.

Awami Muslim League: Formed on June $23$ , $1949$ at Rose Garden. Maulana Bhashani was President, and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was Joint Secretary. In $1955$ , 'Muslim' was dropped to reflect non-communal ideology.
Jukto (United) Front: Formed in November $1953$ to contest the $1954$ election. It comprised five parties (Awami Muslim League, Krishok Sramik Party, Nezame Islam, Khilafat-e-Rabbani, and Ganotantri Dal). Its symbol was the 'Boat'.
$21$ -Point Demand: The charter of emancipation for East Bengal. The Front won $223$ out of $237$ Muslim seats.
1958 Martial Law: Declared by President Iskandar Mirza on October $7$ , $1956$ . Ayub Khan seized power in a coup on October $27$ .

Economic Disparity: From $1955$ to $1960$ , West Pakistan received Taka $500$ Crore while East Pakistan received only Taka $113$ Crore.
Administrative Bias: In $1966$ , East Pakistanis held only $8.1 \%$ of defense posts and $19 \%$ in the President's secretariat.
The Six-Point Program ( $1966$ ): Proposed by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman as the "Charter of Freedom":
1. Federal system with Parliamentary government.
2. Central government handles only Defense and Foreign Affairs.
3. Two separate but convertible currencies.
4. Power of taxation vested in states.
5. Separate accounts for foreign exchange.
6. Formation of regional para-militia.
Agartala Conspiracy Case ( $1968$ ): Pakistan filed a case against Sheikh Mujib and $34$ others for allegedly plotting independence via military means.

1970 Election: The Awami League won $167$ out of $169$ East Pakistan seats in the National Assembly.
The Struggle for Liberation:
- March $7$ , $1971$ : Sheikh Mujib delivered a historic speech at the Racecourse, calling for a decisive struggle. UNESCO added this to the Memory of the World Register in $2017$ .
- Operation Searchlight: The Pakistani army launched a genocide on the night of March $25$ , $1971$ .
- Declaration of Independence: Declared by Sheikh Mujib in the early hours of March $26$ ( $1971$ ), and later broadcast by Major Ziaur Rahman on March $27$ on Mujib's behalf.
Mujibnagar Government: Formed on April $10$ , $1971$ . Sheikh Mujib (President), Syed Nazrul Islam (Acting President), Tajuddin Ahmed (Prime Minister).
Victory: After a nine-month war aided by India, $93,000$ Pakistani soldiers surrendered on December $16$ , $1971$ .

The Sun: A star $1.3$ million times larger than Earth. Surface temperature is $57,000^{\circ}C$ . Consists of $55 \%$ Hydrogen and $44 \%$ Helium.
The Planets:
- Mercury: Closest to Sun, diameter $4,850$ km, orbit is $88$ days.
- Venus: Thick $CO_2$ ( $96 \%$ ) atmosphere, acid rain, diameter $12,104$ km.
- Earth: Area $510,100,422$ sq km, diameter $12,752$ km (East-West), distance from Sun $150$ million km.
- Mars: Red soil from iron oxide, area $144,798,500$ sq km, two satellites (Deimos and Phobos).
- Jupiter: Largest planet, $1,300$ times the volume of Earth, $97$ satellites.
- Saturn: Second largest, ringed, $62$ satellites.
Interior Structure:
- Core: Radius $3,486$ km, nickel (Ni) and iron (Fe) composition.
- Mantle: Sima (Silicon and Magnesium), depth $2,885$ km.
- Crust: Sial (Silicon and Aluminium), depth $3$ to $40$ km.
Time Calculation: Earth rotates $360^{\circ}$ in $24$ hours. $1^{\circ}$ rotation = $4$ minutes.
Tides: Caused by the gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon. High tide (Flow) and Low tide (Ebb) occur twice daily at intervals of $12$ hours and $26$ minutes.

Location: $20^{\circ}34'$ N to $26^{\circ}38'$ N latitude. Area: $147,570$ sq km.
Physiographic Divisions:
- Tertiary Hills ( $12 \%$ ): Includes Tajiodong (Bijoy) at $1,231$ meters height.
- Pleistocene Terraces ( $8 \%$ ): Barendra Bhumi, Modhupur/Bhawal, and Lalmai Hill.
- Recent Floodplains ( $80 \%$ ): Fertile alluvium.
Climate: Tropical monsoon climate. Coldest month: January (avg. $17.7^{\circ}C$ ). Hottest month: April (max $38^{\circ}C$ ).
Earthquakes: Bangladesh is in an active seismic risk zone. Bandarbans, Chattogram, and Sylhet are in the highest risk belt ( $9: 0.2-0.5$ g acceleration).

Major Rivers: Padma (originates from Gangotri Glacier), Brahmaputra (Manos Sarobor), Meghna (confluence of Surma and Kushiara).
Hydroelectricity: Kaptai Dam on the Karnaphuli river is the primary source.
Forest Types:
- Tropical Evergreen/Deciduous ( $14,000$ sq km): In Chattogram and Sylhet.
- Tropical Deciduous: Sal forests in Modhupur and Bhawal.
- Mangrove/Tidal: Sundarbans ( $17 \%$ of total land is forest, below the required $20-25 \%$ ).

Elements of State: People, Territory, Government, and Sovereignty.
Sources of Law (Holland): Custom, Religion, Judicial Precedence, Scientific Discussion, Sense of Justice, Legislature.
Citizenship: An intellectual status comprising loyalty to the state and entitlement to rights.

Economic Systems:
- Capitalist: Private ownership, profit motive, open competition.
- Socialist: State ownership of production, central planning, no private profit.
- Mixed: Coexistence of public and private sectors (used in Bangladesh).
- Islamic: Based on Shariah, interest ( $Riba$ ) is prohibited, includes Zakat (alms-giving).

Indicators (2022-23):
- GNI Per Capita: $2,749$ USD.
- GDP composition: Agriculture ( $11.30 \%$ ), Industry ( $37.65 \%$ ), Service ( $51.05 \%$ ).
- Population: $16.98$ crore. Density: $1,119$ heads per sq km.