SG 13

STUDY GUIDE #13

Ways of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources Since 1200

Chapter 13, Study Guide, (4^th edition –pg. 575-609)

Milestones of the Past Century: A Changing Global Landscape 1950–present

1. In what ways has the structure of global political life changed in the decades since the end of WWII?

   Change:

   • end of European empire

   • china powerful and prominent

   • middle east emerged with conflict and instability
     
     Continuality

   • many new independent states

2. What enabled Europe, the Soviet Union, and Japan to recover from the devastation of the war?

Europe:

• rebuild industrial economy

• revied democracy

• put aside nationalism

• reduced traffics and made common trade policies

• united states: Mashal plan(to prevent communism)

  • access to American market

  • political and military security against Germans and Soviets
    
    
    

Soviet Union:

• state planned

• convict labor(cheap labor)

• heavy industry, agricultural production, military expenditure

• lowering price of bread and essentials

• seizing industrial complexions, agricultural, raw materials, gold, and European art
  
  
  

Japan: 

• American occupation

• industrialized economy

• democratic constitution

• US military security
  
  
  

3. Describe the Marshall Plan.

• effort to rebuild and reshape shattered European economies

• $12 billion funneled into Europe

• Motivation:

  • genuine humanitarian concerns

  • desire to prevent another depression

  • interest in undermining communist styled parties(growing in Europe because of the Soviets)
    

4. In the late 20^th c. how did the establishment of the EEC support economic recovery and growth in Europe? 

• reduced tariffs and developed common trade polices

• includes almost all of Europe

• adopted Euro currency

• help sustain economic recovery and larger European identity
  
  

Communism Chinese Style

5. How was China’s shift to communist rule different from that of the Soviet Union?

China

• experience in governing all parts of country

• established USSR as friendly ally and neighbor

• rooted in rural areas with peasant population

• Focused more on the entire population and basic education and work for immediate results than waiting for an Industrial Revolution)

• faced daunting prospects because of underdevelopment:

  • greater population

  • smaller industrial base

  • limited new land for agriculture

  • underdeveloped literacy and education

    • had to build from the ground up
      

USSR

• had not governed all parts of country because it rose to power so quickly

• support mainly in cities

• faced hostile capitalism alone

• large industrial base

• vast new land for agriculture

• advanced inn literacy and education(developed modernly)

6. Describe the Great Leap Forward.

   Created to combat the distortions of Chinese socialism

• model off of soviet model of socialist modernization

• peaceful process compared to USSR

• mobilize China’s huge population for rapid development

• move to fully communist society

• greater degree of social equality and collective living

• large-scale industry, urban based factories, centralized state planning with party authorities, mobilization of women

  • resulted migration and bureaucratic elite

  • effort to develop everyone rather than just the elite
    

    Casualties:

  • administrate chaos

  • disruption of marketing networks

  • massive famines

  • killed 30 million people

7. Describe the Cultural Revolution. 

• combat the capitalist tendencies that could penetrate the highest ranks of the communist party

• implement healthcare and education to the country side

• rural industrialization under local control rather than state

  • no success in trying to overcome inequalities that come with the modernization process
    
    

8. How did Mao eliminate enemies? How is this similar and different to Joseph Stalin in the USSR?

• called rebellion to the communist state itself to stoop people supporting capitalism

• sent people to country side for hard labor

• humiliation, beaten, killed

• Difference: USSR had total control of state authorities while China did not

• Similarity: discredited socialism and ultimate collapse of communism
  
  

East versus West: A Global Divide and a Cold War

9. In what different ways was the Cold War expressed?

• military alliances (NATO)

• european division

• hot wars for the spread of communism
  
  
  
  
  

10. Explain the military alliances and their purposes formed by the US and the USSR. 

alliances for USSR to remove missles from cuba in return for u.s. promise to not invade island

nato: us and western europe together agasit soviet agression

warsaw pact: soviet unioin and eastern europe commist to counter act western influence

11. In what different ways was the cold war experienced by member states of NATO, the Warsaw Pact and non-aligned nations? 

NATO: involvement in communist wats: invasions(agaisnt), defensive, anxiety over nuclear war

Warsaw Pact: supported communist movements and wars(army)

Non-aligned nations: neutrality, independence for everyone, decolonization and disbarment

• developing countries

• seek foreign help
  
  

12. How did the differing ideologies of the US and the USSR impact global interactions in the late 20^th c.? 

• alliances to respective ideologies

• proxy wars

• arms race

• created non aligned members
  
  
  

13. Compare the Cuban Revolution to those in Russia and China. What are the similarities and differences? How might you assess the successes and failures of the Cuban Revolution?
    
    Similarities

    • political upheaval

    • developing countries(chia)

    • support for the poor

    • restrictions

    • want for a political change

    • communist revolution
      
      Differences

    • economically dependent

    • influenced by cold war

    • over nuclear weapons rather than other factors

    • living standards improved

    • goals differed

    • short
      
      

14. How might the widespread development of nuclear weapons have prevented direct contact between the US and the USSR in the cold war era? 

• awareness to power

• knew it would only produce catastrophe

• Cuban missiles crisis leading to no nuclear provocation

• feared conventional war would escalate into a nuclear war so they decided it was better just to not attack at all
  
  
  
  

15.  What factors enabled the rise of the US as a global superpower? 

• perceived demands of the cold war to contain world communism

• flourishing economy

• increased middle class

• only industrial country to not have direct damage on their land from the war

• most productive economy
  
  
  

16. What differences existed among communist nations? 

• want for more independent road to socialism(china)

• soviet fear of reform: results in more defections to communism

• resulted in decrease in soviet communism popularity agasiint capitalism

• ideaological differences, communist leadership rivial, territorial disputes
  
  The USSR focused on industrialization and a centralized economy with a strong one-party state.

  China, under Mao, emphasized the rural population and self-reliance, later shifting toward more market reforms in the post-Mao era.

The End of the Communist Era

17.  As communism declined, what were the defining characteristics associated with democratic nations compared to the characteristics of communist states?
    
    d- human rights universal to everyone

    c- despised, economically behind with no catch up
    
    
    
    
    

18. Explain the economic and moral failures of the communist experiment. (Could the USSR match the West in quality and availability of consumer goods?)

• stagnant economy because of focus on arms race(international influence)

• declining avalibility of consumer goods

• moral failures of stalins terror and maos cultural revolution
  
  
  
  

19.  In what different ways was the erosion of communism experienced in the Soviet Union and China? 

• Ussr and China moral: genocide

• aggressive addressing to embraced democracy and failing economy

• methods differed thus outcomes differed
  
  
  Soviet Union: The erosion of communism led to a total collapse of the Soviet system, resulting in the breakup of the USSR into independent states. Gorbachev’s reforms, economic problems, and nationalist movements all contributed to the fall of the communist regime.

• China: China experienced a transformation of communism rather than its collapse. The CCP adapted to changing global economic realities, introducing market reforms while retaining political control. It redefined communism by blending elements of socialism and capitalism, leading to rapid economic growth while maintaining political repression.
  
  
  
  

20.   What was the result of the reforms instituted by Deng Xiaoping?

• Socially:  

  • better diets,

  • lower mortality rates,

  • declining poverty,

  • 
    
    

• Politically: 

  • one of the great powers challenging the US and dominant in East Asia

  • 
    

• Economically:

  • improved material life

  • massive urban constuction

  • surging exports

21.   Describe China after communism.

• corruption(politically)

• overcrowding and pollution

• increased crime

• large capitalist economy

• no promotion of democracy or nationality because of strict enforcement

• communist political monopoly
  

22.  How did the end of communism in the Soviet Union compare to communism’s demise in China?

• decline

• economic dismantled

• inflation

• short supply of consumer goods

• ration coupons

• loss of jobs

• democracy movements
  
  
  
  
  

23. Explain some examples of resistance to the authoritarian government in the USSR. 

• democracy movements like independent labor unions

• nationality movements promoting autonomy and independence from USSR

  • no government response to movements
    
    
    
    
    

24. Describe glasnost and perestroika 

• G= openness policy to culture and intellectual freedoms, elections, religion

• p= economic program(reconstruction)

  • heavy government regulations

  • small scale private business(cooperatives

  • private farming job opportunities

  • new foreign investment opportunities

  • local control instead of state
    
    
    
    
    
    

25.  In what ways did international life change following the end of the communist era? 

• no more ussr

• no more communist idealology

• satellite states intercept tthe ussr

• europe united

• increased nationalism and domamocracy

• new state formations(independent)

• internal political division

• capitalist and democratic favored

• decline for russia

• advance for china

  • causes countires to slowly follow reforms

    • north korea the last communist country unchanged

• united states as the main super power with china and russia challenging it

• us vs japan vs china in asia

• increased ethinic conflicts with the formations of new independent states
  
  
  
  

26.  In the 21^st century, what factors led to the continuation of conflict in the Middle East and North Africa? 

• geography

• fight to establish dominant influence in the holy land, isreal new while palestine old

• establishment of Islamic government in the ancient land

• Jewish vs Muslim

• goverment corruption in the middle east

• attacks on us and other countries

• wars causing migration to other countries away from the middle east
  

27. Explain the rise of terrorism in relation to the post-cold war world. 

• new radical movemtns post cold war increased terrorism

  • view of corrupt unislamic goverments in isreal

  • attacks on us and other countries
    
    
    
    
    
    

28. In what ways is the Syrian conflict a continuation of preexisting cultural conflict in the region? 

• regional rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia

• ethnic and religious tensions
  
  
  
  
  

Toward Freedom: Struggles for Independence

29. What empires saw their demise during the 20th century?

• African colonized empire

• pacific Oceania

• Hawaii joining the us

• Caribbean society

• Austria

• Russia

• ottoman

• Germany

• Japanese

• African

• Asia

• Assyria

• Romania

• Arab

• Mongols
  
  
  
  
  

30.  What similarities can be found in the collapse of empires after WWII?

    • mobilization of masses around nationalist ideologies

    • American, independent peoples(with different cultures) emphasized political independence and culture

      • ignored during the colonial era(turning point)

    • globally accepted

    • decolonization in European colonies by Americas in British French Spanish and Portuguese(18th centery)

    • claimed international status equivalent to previous rulers

    • granted independence

    • stated by nationalism, self determination, freedom ideals leading to the revolutions
      
      
      

31.  Why did European colonization begin to fall apart in the late 20th century as opposed to later or earlier?

• colonized rule/dictoratioshop was ruled against democratic and national self-determination values of the west

• the WW weakened europe which weakened their moral superiotity views

• other large empires such as US and russia opposed Europe

• UN supported anti colonized movements

• within the colonies:

  • European rulers working with local elites and increased western educated men increased vulnerability take back support

    • led to global illegitimacy an transformation of social values resulting to anticolonization
      
      
      
      
      

32.  What was distinctive about the end of Europe’s African and Asian empires compared to other cases of imperial disintegration?

• started by western educated elite in the 2nd/3rd gen shifted perspective on colonization due to contradictory values and advocated for independence

• subjects started to see their injustices and wanted independence(everyone)
  
  
  
  
  
  

33. How did the US contribute to national events in Latin America? 

• powerful influence and intrusive power due to american and british invasions in their oil sects
  
  
  
  
  
  

34.  What international circumstances and patterns of social change contributed to the end of European colonial empires in Asia and Africa?

    • abandoning of authoritarian regimes giving way to pluralistic and participatory political systems in asia

    • mass movements in Africa challenged the corrupt leadership and promoted democracy, human dignity, and honest government

    • democracy viewed as a universal political principle to available to all rather than something bad from the west

35.  How did the Cold War facilitate global independence movements? 

• neutral countries not looking to join the US or USSR(nonaligned)

• increased making of investments in rail roads, ports, telephone lines, election, constitutions

• facilitated decolonization due to rising tensions of ethic conflicts
  
  
  

36. What lasting effects could militant independent movements have on the nations that adopted this strategy of gaining independence? 

• sought to join independent nation states rather than resisting membership to united nations

• wealth and power modern tech promised
  
  
  
  
  

37. How were independence movements’ fragile alliances representing different classes, ethnic groups, religions and regions? 

• questioned leadership, power, strategy, ideology , distribution of material benefits with colonial rulers
  
  no one can really work together because everyone wanted different things
  
  

38. What divisions or conflicts accompanied struggles for independence in Asia and Africa? 

• questions about the if something is truely worth it

• question of who should advocate and constitute the self ruling nation

• difficulty relating to each other(differed social status)

• Peaceful(west Africa)

• Armed(everywhere else)

• Nationalist movements and freedom
  
  
  
  
  

39. What was the role of Gandhi in India’s nationalist movement?

E: rejected modern industrialization

S: rejected by the public

• nonviolent philosophy

• free religion

• improved position for women and untouchables

external: participation in British sponsored legislation

other:

• argued that india was not a single nation

• agreed to partition in exchange for British leave

  • partition with Muslim Pakistan due to division with Hindu(mostly secular)
    
    
    
    
    

40.  How did nonviolent protests like the Salt March affect the global response to the independence movement in India? 

Since the Salt March was a campaign against the British salt monopoly, it drew global attention as thousands were arrested, beginning India's divide from British-sponsored legislative bodies prior to their independence.

41. What were the economic differences between India and South Africa around the time of independence? 

south african= matured industrialization, ubanized nation under rigid and radically repressive regime

Against white settler minority instead of distant colonial power

india= agrarian

42. What were the similarities and differences in the colonial opposition movements that arose in the various regions of Africa and Asia? 

D
- concerns differed: Asia nationalist movements and freedom from foreign rulers vs African radical discrimination and political independence(not concerned with domestic class inequality

43. What caused governments in newly independent states to take a strong role in guiding economic life?

• exploding populations

• high expectations

• culturally diverse

• little loyalty to the state

• public employment

• wide spread poverty

• weak private economies

• struggle to recapture the state due to the salaries and status it offered

• opportunities for private enrichment that the public office provide
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

44. To what extent did western style political democracy take root in the developing countries? 

• European authority transplanted democratic institutions including legislations’, elections, political parties in hope of constitutions democratic parliament like their to emerge

• most established in India, practice continuously after independence

• other places not so much

• Africa taken by military, one power, or corrupt political tyrants
  
  
  
  
  
  

45. Compare the post-independence conditions in Africa and Latin America. 

africa

• economic disappointment, class resentment, ethnic conflicts

  • military intervention(new)

• remained linked to former European rulers

latin america

• military intervention(old)

• class issues more expressed

• more modernized and urbanized

• lived in shadow of the US
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

46. What challenges were faced by newly democratic nations in the late 20^th and early 21^st centuries? 

• democratic voting leading to a leader exercising autototarism

• cheating/ rigging voting

• unlikely runners for office coming into power
  
  
  
  
  
  

47. Compare the anticolonial struggles of Afro-Asian peoples with the struggle between the communist and capitalist worlds during the cold war. How did these conflicts intersect with each other? 

    the communist struggles were often autotarism, whch were the colonial governments at the time. Thus, this break from communism ignited the views of autotorim governments to b unreliable, and thus their governments not up to par. this spiraled into changes in government structures to provide a capitalist economy with more freedom due to the autotarism leaders gone