BIOLOGY KEYSTONE REVIEW
Osmosis - Movement of water from an area of higher concentration of water to an area of lower concentration of water across a differentially permeable membrane.
• Diffusion - Movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
• Solute - Substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution.
• Hypertonic - Solution that has a higher concentration of solute and a lower concentration of water than the cell.
• Hypotonic - Solution that has a lower concentration of solute and a higher concentration of water than the cell.
• Isotonic - Solution that has the same concentration of solute and water as the cell, resulting in no net movement of water across the cell membrane.
• Crenation - The process in which cells shrink due to loss of water in a hypertonic solution.
Glycolysis - Metabolic pathway found in the cytoplasm that participates in aerobic cellular respiration and fermentation; it converts glucose to two molecules of pyruvate.
• Glucose - Six-carbon sugar that organisms degrade as a source of energy during cellular respiration.
• Energy - Capacity to do work and bring about change; occurs in a variety of forms.
Alleles: Alternative forms of a gene
• Autosomal chromosome: A nonsex chromosome
• Chromosome: A linear or circular strand composed of DNA that contains genes
• Diploid: An organism with two copies of each chromosome
• DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid; the molecule that carries genetic information
• Dominant: A phenotype or allele that completely masks the presence of the other, recessive allele in the heterozygote
• Gene: The fundamental unit of heredity; a specific section of DNA within a chromosome
• Genotype: The genetic makeup of an individual; the allele(s) possessed at a given locus
• Heterozygote: An individual with two different alleles of a given gene or locus
• Homozygote: An individual with two identical alleles of a given gene or locus
• Locus: A specific location on a chromosome
• Phenotype: The physical characteristics of an individual
• Recessive: A phenotype or allele exhibited only when homozygous
• Carbohydrates - Organic compound characterized by the presence of CH2O groups; includes monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; quick energy for the cell
• Lipids - Organic compound that is insoluble in water; notably fats, oils, and steroids; contain C,H and a little O.
• Proteins - Organic compound that is composed of either one or several polypeptides; used for structure, hormones, or enzymes; contain C,H,O,N, and sometimes S
Nucleic Acids - A polymer of nucleotides; contains the genetic information/code of the cell
Eukaryotic Cells - Cell that possesses a nucleus and the other membranous organelles characteristic of complex cells.
• Prokaryotic Cells - Cell lacking a nucleus and the membranous organelles found in complex cells; bacteria, including cyanobacteria.
• Organelles - Specialized structure within cells (e.g., nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum).
• Nucleus - I. The distinctive organelle of a eucaryotic cell, consisting of a membranous envelope in which the chromosomes reside; II. a cluster of neuron cell bodies within the central nervous system; III. the central body of an atom, made of protons and, usually, neutrons.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum - Membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in cells, sometimes having attached ribosomes. Rough ER has ribosomes; smooth ER does not.
• Mitochondria - Membranous organelle in which aerobic cellular respiration produces the energy carrier ATP.
• Ribosomes - Minute particle that is attached to endoplasmic reticulum or occurs loose in the cytoplasm and is the site of protein synthesis.
Plant cells
Cell Wall - Protective barrier outside the plasma membrane of plant and certain other cells. • Plasma Membrane - Membrane surrounding the cytoplasm that consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; functions to regulate the entrance and exit of molecules from cell. • Vacuole - Membranous cavity, usually filled with fluid. • Chloroplasts - Membranous organelle that contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis. |
Animal cells
• Eukaryotic Cells - Cell that possesses a nucleus and the other membranous organelles characteristic of complex cells. • Prokaryotic Cells - Cell lacking a nucleus and the membranous organelles found in complex cells; bacteria, including cyanobacteria. • Organelles - Specialized structure within cells (e.g., nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum). • Nucleus - I. The distinctive organelle of a eucaryotic cell, consisting of a membranous envelope in which the chromosomes reside; II. a cluster of neuron cell bodies within the central nervous system; III. the central body of an atom, made of protons and, usually, neutrons. • Endoplasmic Reticulum - Membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in cells, sometimes having attached ribosomes. Rough ER has ribosomes; smooth ER does not. • Mitochondria - Membranous organelle in which aerobic cellular respiration produces the energy carrier ATP. • Ribosomes - Minute particle that is attached to endoplasmic reticulum or occurs loose in the cytoplasm and is the site of protein synthesis. Golgi apparatus – Stacked set of membranes that modifies, transports, and packages materials for export |