Bio Biodiversity study guide S2

Ecology (Backtrack)

→ Some ecosystems are more privileged than others and are able to absorb more sunlight compared to other ecosystems

The amount of photosynthesis(sun)/chemosynthesis(chemical reactions) being produced is known as primary production. It is how energy starts in the ecosystem and basically enters into the system.

So some ecosystems have more primary production than others that jumpstarts the ecosystem and causes them to have more energy and more biodiversity.

Vegetation → is the amount of plants on the land

More vegetation means more photosynthesis which we can correlate to more production of chlorophyll which automatically means areas with more “green” will always have more primary productivity.

Primary productivity thus will also affect biodiversity since there will be more energy to start the ecosystem.

Biomes

There are two main things that affect an ecosystem deeply which are

  • Temperature

  • Percipation

Both of these factors deeply affect what kind of plants and abundance of these plants can grow. This depends on the latitude and longitude since that is dependent on the angle of the sunlight rays.

Note: More sunlight = ,more biodiversity

Biodiversity

Means the number and variety or different species in an ecosystem Biodiversity is really important because all of the species are interconnected and when the diversity of an ecosystem declines so will the ecosystem’s ability to function properly and survive.

REMEMBER: Ecosystems with a higher primary productivity tend to have a higher biodiversity since there is more energy to support a variety of organisms.

Equator

As you approach the equator which is at 0 degrees latitude the biodiversity increases. This is because at the equator there is a …

MCO (More cool oreos!)

  1. More/Direct angle of sunlight

  2. Consistent temperature

  3. Old (unchanging) environment

This all causes more biodiversity. Biodiversity makes an ecosystem more stable and able to bounce back right up after an event occurs. That is why an environment such as the rainforests near the equator have not been changed for a long time.

Species Richness vs Species Diversity/Evenness

  • Species Richness is the amount of different species not including how many there actually are. (40 different species of penguins)

  • Diversity is the amount of relative abundance of the different species (exactly how many individuals of the different species are there (2 individual penguins of each of the 40 different species of penguins.)

Community 1 is more diverse because it has more of each and community 1 and 2 are both rich since they have the same number of diverse species.

Ecological Succession

The process in which natural communities replace (or “succeed”) one another over time

→ There are two types of succession

  1. Primary Succession

  • Occurs when there is a new soil formation

  • Establishes New community where no life has been

  • Example : Volcanic Island

  1. Secondary Succession

  • Occurs after an ecological disturbance

  • Starting over, but not from scratch (soil is already present)

Another term to remember is pioneer species in which the first species to inhabit an area

And lastly is the climax community in which the final stage of succession in which plants, animals and fungi exist in balance with their environment and climate.

Threats to Biodiversity

Invasive Species

Look at invasive species

  • They outcompete native species

  • Disrupt food chain

  • Fast growing

  • Reproduce quickly

  • Withstands harsh conditions

  • No natural predator

Formula!!!

Marked recaptures/total in second sample = marked initially/N(total population size)

(MR/TS)=(MI/N)

WHen finding evenness usually u will use the mean.