Module 6- wilkins

Chapter Overview

  • Wilkins Ch: 13, 16, 37

    • Prof. Villalobos, RDH, MSDH

Chapter 13: Extraoral and Intraoral Examination

  • Rationale for Examination

    • Early identification of abnormalities and pathologies, especially oral cancer.

    • Reveal signs of other conditions:

      • Sexually transmitted infections

      • Thyroid disorders

      • Eating disorders

    • Provide cancer prevention education.

  • Components of the Examination

    • Methods of examination:

      • Visual

      • Palpation

      • Instrumentation

      • Percussion

      • Electrical test

      • Auscultation.

  • Palpation Techniques:

    • Digital Palpation

    • Bimanual Palpation

    • Bilateral Palpation

    • Auscultation.

  • Examination of the Thyroid Gland

    • Assessment of cervical nodes

    • Major lymph nodes:

      • Preauricular, Postauricular, Occipital, Cervical chain (superficial and deep), Submental, Posterior, Submandibular, Supraclavicular.

  • Components of Examination

    • Signs vs. Symptoms:

      • Sign: Objective abnormalities (color, size, shape).

      • Symptoms: Subjective observations (pain, tenderness, swelling, bleeding).

Anatomic Landmarks of the Oral Cavity

  • Papillae of the Tongue:

    • Circumvallate, Foliate, Fungiform, Filiform.

  • Oral Cavity View Landmarks:

    • Hard palate, Palatine rugae, Maxillary tuberosity, Soft palate, Dorsal surface of tongue, Vermillion border of lip.

Lesion Classification

  • Elevated Lesions

    • Types: Vesicle, Bulla, Plaque, Papule, Nodule, Tumor.

  • Depressed Lesions

    • Characteristics: Regular/irregular outline, superficial/deep.

  • Flat Lesions

    • Characteristics: Macule, single or multiple, regular/irregular outline.

Oral Cancer Overview

  • Characteristics:

    • Common in squamous cells.

    • Key locations: lateral borders of tongue, floor of mouth, lips, soft palate.

    • Early signs: White areas, red areas, ulcers, masses, pigmentation.

  • Clinical Recommendations for Evaluation:

    • Biopsy (excisional, incisional) is the gold standard.

Chapter 16: Hard Tissue Examination

  • Dentitions:

    • Primary (deciduous), Mixed (ages 6-12), Permanent.

  • Tooth Development and Eruption:

    • Stages and timing provided in table 16-1.

  • Hard Tissue Examination Procedures:

    • Dental charting, visual inspection, radiographic examination, clinical exam.

  • Developmental Enamel Lesions:

    • Enamel hypoplasia, hypomineralization, and hypomaturation.

  • Classification of Noncarious Dental Lesions:

    • Types: Attrition, Erosion, Abrasion, Abfraction.

  • Dental Caries:

    • Development requires microorganisms, carbohydrates, and susceptible tooth surfaces.

    • Types and nomenclature: Simple, Compound, Complex, Primary, Recurrent, Arrested, Rampant.

  • Malocclusion Classification:

    • Angle's Class I, II, III characteristics detailed.

Summary of Instrumentation Principles

  • Periodontal Files:

    • Use in preparation for calculus removal.

    • Designed for specific tooth surfaces.

  • Mechanisms of Powered Instruments:

    • Ultrasonic, Sonic mechanisms explained.

  • Indications and Contraindications:

    • Proper use guidelines outlined.