bio exam crud

Ancestral deuterostomes: 

echnioderms (echnos-spiny skin)

Water vascular system

Tube feet

Sea stars, sand dollars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

We are related to them

Chordate animals

  • Nodichord: shaft on the side of the body

  • Dorsal hollow nerve chord (CNS in humans)

  • Ventral side of the body in invertebrates, then moved to the other side in vertebrates

- pharyngeal slits (slits/neck region)(respiration/gill slits)

- Lancylit, urochordates (sea squirts/tunicate), 

- - Look at the larvae stage to determine if it is a chordate or not

Crainiates

  • Developed a head

  • Good arrangement for predatory lifestyles (humans)

Myxini

  • Hagfishes: marine bottom feeders (scavengers)

  • Defends themselves by secreting lots of slime

Vertebrate Animals

  • Petromyzontida: marine lamprey

    • Fed by attaching to the side of the fish and sucks the life out of the fish

    • In its native environment, it doesn’t cause many problems since it preys on larger fish

    • Invasive in the Great Lakes 

Chondichthyes

  • Sharks, skates, and rays

  • Evolved jaws

  • Nathostone (jaw mouth)

Actinopterygill

  • Ray fin fishes

  • Most successful out of all the animals

  • Occupy marine environments

  • Largest, most diverse group of chordate animals (arthropods are the largest in general)

Actinistia

  • Lowfin fishes

    • Silocamph: thought to have gone extinct millions of years ago, but in 1938, a fisherman caught one, didn’t catch another one until 1952.

  • Muscular pelvic fins

  • Beginning to form a structure similar to tetrapods

Dipnol

  • Lung fishes

  • Capable to survive outside of water for a long period of time by secreting mucus and hanging around in mud.

Tetrapods

  • Amphibia

  • Frogs, toads, salamanders, cacilians

  • Had not fully made transition away from life in water

  • Scale-less skin

  • Made egg without a shell in water, which develops in water

    • Tadpoles, metamorphosizes into an adult

had limbs with digits

Ambiotes

  • Reptiles

  • Amniotic egg

    • Series of membranes that protect and support the embryo in the egg

    • The egg was a major evolutionary development

    • Allowed reptiles to fully transition away from life in water to life on land

    • Stays hydrated, protects from shock

    • Chorion develops respiration

    • Yolk nourishes the embryo

  • Snakes, birds, crocodiles, dinosaurs

  • Birds evolved flights

    • Flight evolved independently 3 different times in individual groups

  • Gators can chew their prey

Mammals

  • Evolved from reptiles

  • Milk

  • Hair

  • Differentiated teeth from other groups

    • Modified dentition

    • Specialized for the feeding mode of the animal

    • Dogs, wolves, otters, humans

      • Canine teeth, incisors, 

    • Cats have carnassials

    • Rodents

      • A soft layer of denton in the back, gnawing

      • Self sharpening tooth



Study the videos and the quizzes assigned for them

  • Neil shubin was the person talking

    • Taught anatomy

    • Found that being a fish paleontologist was helpful when teaching anatomy.

    • Discovered the tiktolic, a transitional species, in the Canadian seas

      • Had a flat skull with eyes on top of its head

      • Limbs, Arm bones, wrist, scales

    • Inner fish, inner monkey

      • Fish, to reptiles, to primates

      • Bones in inner ear match primates

        • Hear from low to high frequencies

        • Incus, malleus, stapes

        • Evolved from repurposed jaw bones in reptiles

    • Development 

      • Showed and explained how scientists discover relationships between different groups of animals

        • Use data, like fossil data, developmental data (embryological, skate embryo), genetic data, and anatomical data (limbs, determined by taking a bud of tissue from a developing wing on a chicken embryo, and took it and put it on a bead, and put it on another part of the wing, where it made another kind of wing) gene was called Sonic hedgehog

        • PCR (polymerase chain reaction)