done

Urinary System

• Important structure: Nephron

• Diagram issues noted in slides; some missing visuals.

Digestive System

• Accessory organs: tooth structure (incisors, canines, premolars, molars)

• Teeth function: cutting, grinding

• Human teeth reduced in size compared to ancestors due to diet changes (cooking).

• Two sets of teeth: baby (20) and adult (32, including wisdom teeth).

• Gum health is crucial; gingivitis can occur if neglected.

Salivary Glands

• Types: Parotid, submandibular, sublingual

• Function: mucous cells secrete mucus for protection; serous cells secrete watery saliva with enzymes (amylase).

• Saliva's role in digestion and teeth health (remineralization).

Liver

• Largest internal organ; multiple functions including nutrient processing, detoxification, and blood filtration.

• Hepatic portal vein: carries nutrients from gut to liver.

• Bile production essential for fat digestion.

• Liver health issues: jaundice (buildup of bilirubin), cirrhosis (damage), ascites (fluid accumulation).

Pancreas

• Endocrine function: insulin and glucagon secretion; regulates blood sugar levels.

• Exocrine function: digestive enzyme production for food breakdown.

• Issues: pancreatitis, where enzymes activate prematurely and harm the organ.