Unit 1 Test: American Pageant(pg30. onwards)

1607 - Jamestown

1620 - Plymouth

1630 - Massachusetts Bay

1619 - House of Burgesses(Virginia’s Parliment) and African slaves introduced

Henry VIII - Broke with Roman Catholic Church in 1530s. Launched the Protestant Reformation. Catholics battled Protestants for decades under his rule and their religious power seesawed.

Elizabeth - Ascended to throne in 1558. Under her rule Protestantism became dominant in England. English rivalry with Catholic Spain intensified and the Irish tried to rebel getting their help, but Elizabeth swiftly crushed it.

Winthrop - Massachusetts Bay Colony’s first governor. Puritan who gave the famous “We shall be as a city on a hill,” that is quoted by many others. Served for 19 years. Was a successful attorney and manor lord in England.

R. Williams - He was an extreme separatist. He challenged the legality of the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony saying it took land from Indians unfairly. Founded Rhode Island in 1636.

W. Penn - First attracted to Quaker religion in 1660, he joined it later after spending time in the army despite his father’s disapproval. He was labeled badly by the courts for joining the persecuted and despised religion. In 1681, he got was able to get an area from the king called Pennsylvania (Penn’s Woodland), even though he tried to change the name, due to the king’s sizeable debt to Penn’s dead father. Penn was known as the “first American advertising man.” He wanted this area as a safe haven for Quakers and to test his liberal ideas in government. He advertised in English, Dutch, French, and German. He also had a liberal land policy that brought in manu immigrans.

Lord Baltimore - Founded Maryland in 1634. Did this to make money and create a safe haven for fellow Catholics. Allowed a great amount of religious freedom compared to his contemporaries, hoping it would help his fellow Catholics.

P. Stuyvesant - Sent on a Dutch expedition in 1655 to chase away the Swedish in Deleware. Was a director-general of Delware. Lost a leg while being a soldier in the West Indies. The Indians called him “Father Wooden Leg.”

N. Bacon - In 1676 he led around a thousand Virginians against the government. They hated Berkeley’s (Governor of Virginia) accomodating policies toward the Indians (He monopolized their fur trade) because they wanted the Indians land. At this time in Virginia, many of the people could not get a wife and did not have land. They rebelled when Berkeley refused to retaliate against a series of Indian attacks. They fell murderously on the Indians, whether or not they were hostile of friendly, pushed Berkeley out of Jamestown, and torched the capital. Lots and plundering and pilfering happened, and in the midst of this civil war, Bacond died of disease. The rebellion was soon crushed and Berkeley hung 20 people.

A. Hutchinson - She believed in antinomianism. She was brought to trial in 1638 and intelligently defended herself until saying she got her belief directly through God. This could not be tolerated and she was banished. Even though she was pregnant, she set for foot for Rhode Island with her family(14 children) and finally moved to New York, where she and her household all perised by Indians except for a singular member.

J. Edwards - Said that it was a folly that believing in salvation through good works and could only depend on God’s grace. One of his most famous sermons was “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.” Around 1734.

Jamestown - On the wooded and malarial banks of the James River. It was easy to defend, chosen in part due to the possibility of Spanish attack, but it was mosquito infected and very unhealthful. Almost at the edge of collapse when the greenhorn settlers tried looking for non-existent gold instead of gathering provisions, it was saved by Captain John Smith. He took over in 1608 and kept the colonists in line with the rule “He who shall not work shall not eat.” He had been “saved” in a mock execution by Pocahontas, daughter of the Powhatan. It was a display of power and the desire for peaceful relations. The Indians then helped provide some neede food. But many settlers still died and they were forced to stay there.

Puritans - English religious reformers who wanter to totally purify English Christianity. Many of these Puritans were from commercially depressed woolen districts. They really wanted to see the Church of England completely de-catholicized.

Separatists - These were some of the most devout Puritans. They believed that only “visiible saints”(people who felt the grace in their souls and could demonstrate it to other Puritans) should be allowed church membership. But the Church of England allowed all. So these Separatists vowed to break away entirely from the Church of England.

Mass. Bay Colony - In 1629, a group of non-Separatist Puritans who were scared of being persecuted got a royal charter for this colony. They brought their charter with them which was basically their constitution. Denied that they wanted to separate from Church of England, only from its impurities, but Laud did not like them.

Md. Act Toleration - Passed in 1649. Guaranteed toleration to all Christians. But it did decree the death penalty for thos who denied the divinity of Jesus, like the Jews.

Antinomian Crisis - The claim that a holy life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man. It was high heresy.

King Philip’s War - Due to the seemingly inevitable takeover from English encroachment into their lands, the Native Americans banded together in a pan-Indian alliance. In 1675, Massasoit’s son, Metacom, or King Philip, used this alliance to hit back against the English. Ending in 1676, the war saw 52 Puritan towns attacked and 16 destroyed. While hundreds of colonists died, even more Indians were dead. And even though it slowed down the English, it was far more destructive for the Indians.

Middle Passage - Where African slaves were put on ships and transported to the new world. Death rates on this passage could go as high as 20 percent. A famous enslaved boys, Olaudah Equiano, wrote of the misery. The rooms were crowded to the extent of immobility and sickness was spread everywhere. The conditions were hellish.

Quakers - Religious Society of Friends. They refused to support the Church of England with taxes. They believed everyone were equal under the sight of god and would take no oaths because Jesus commanded “Swear not at all.” This got them in trouble with the government because “test oaths” were still required to prove one was not a Roman Catholic. They were also passive people who hated war and refused military service. They were democratic and liked religious and civic freedom.

Zenger Trial - His news paper assailed the corrupt royal governor of New York. He was charged with seditious libel and was defended by Andrew Hamilton. Zenger had written the truth, and he was acquitted as that was all that mattered.

Jeremiad - Middle of the 17th century. Puritan pulpits who imitated the Old Testament prophet Jeremiah and scolded parishioners for their waning piety. Either way, the Half-Way Covenant was passed making it easier to get membership to the Church.

Andros - The Dominion of New England was created in 1686 and he was put as the head. Was an English commander. Was a non-Puritan and flaunted the fact, revoked land titles, and suppressed town meetings, courts, the press, and schools.. When King James II was overthrown, he was being chased after by a Boston mob. His boots under a woman’s disguise gave him away and he was shipped back to England.

Navigation Acts/Laws - James the II, heir to Charles II, enforced these laws. They were designed to eliminate competition for colonial trade from the French, Dutch, and Spanish. These hated acts produced a century of smuggling by the American colonies.

Salutary Neglect - The new monarchs after the Glorious Revolution, William and Mary, relaxed their grip on trade within the colonies starting the period of salutary neglect, when the hated Navigation Laws were very weakly enforced.

Plymouth - Where the pilgrims landed. Signed the Mayflower Compact here, setting a precedent for future written constitutions, though this was not a constitution, just an agreement to form a government and to submit to the majority. Outside the Virginia Company land so were without legal right to land and specific authority to establish a government.

Franklin - Wrote Poor Richard’s Almanac emphasized virtues like thrift, industry, morality, and common sense. Also a great scientist, proving lightning was a form of electricity. Also invented the lightning rod.

Arminianism - Named after Jacobus Arminius who said that individual free will, not divine decree, determined a person’s eternal fate. Also all humans, not just the elect, could be saved if they accepted God’s grace. Seen as heresy.

NY, SC Slave Revolt - New York slave revolt in 1712 killed nine whites and 21 blacks died, some being burned on a stake. The South Carolina slave revolt was in 1739 when 50 blacks along the Stono River seized weapons and marched towards Spanish Florida, getting stopped by the local militia.

New/Old Lights - Orthodox clergymen were the old lights and they were skeptical of the emotionalism and the theatrical antics of the revivalists. New lights defended the Awakening for its role in revitalizing American religion.

Great Awakening - Religious revival in the 1730s and 1740s. Multiple preachers like Edwards and Whitfield revitalized religious spirit. Its direct, emotional spirituality undermined older clergy whose value and authority came from education. First spontaneous mass movement by the American People.

Deism - Clockmaker deity who removes self and watches laws unfold. Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson practiced it.

Triangular Trade - Where one would leave, for example, a New England port with commerce and trade it on the coast of Africa, then trade it in the West Indies, then take the last product home to New England. Then do it again, making money on every leg of the triangle.

Salem Witch Trials - A group of adolescent girls in Salem, Massachusetts, claimed that they were bewitched by some older women. This led to a witch hunt where 20 individuals were killed, as well as two dogs. It was done in 1692 and they were legally lynched. Most of the victims were from the market economy and their accusers from the farming class. Fear of the Yankee commercialism. Ended in 1693 when the governor’s wife was accused, and, supported by the more sensible members of the clergy, he prohibited any further trials and pardoned the convicted.

Bradford - One of the leaders of the Pilgrims. A self-taught scholar who could read Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, and Dutch. Chosen governor 30 times.

Charles I - He dismissed the Parliment in 1629 and recalled it in 1640. Was beheaded in 1649 under by Oliver Cromwell during the english Civil War.

Charles II - Restored to king in 1660. Pardoned everyone except for the regicides, the people who signed the execution for his father. Carolina was named after him because he granted it to eight of his favorites in court, the Lords Proprietors.

Laud - William Laud was the archbishop of England and proposed anti-Puritan persecutions in 1629. He thought the Massachusetts Bay Colony were “swine which rooted in God’s vineyard.”

Calvinism - In 1536 published Institutes of the Christian Relgion. His argument was the since God was basically god and that humans were weak and stupid and sinful that God knew beforehand who was going to heaven and hell. The elect had been chosen for heaven and the rest for hell. This was called predestination. Calvinists looked for signs of conversion, an intense experience where god revealed to them that they were one of the elect.