Biologicalinteractions

Lesefni

- Mcdonald 4 (mikilvægast, en boring)

- Huggett 11

- Cox 2020

Biological interactions:

- How one species might affect another

- Relationship between plants and polinators

Types:

- Neutralism:

○ Very rare

○ Maybe idealised, rather than what happens in reality

- Protocooperation:

○ Both populations benefit from the relationship between the species

○ Don't depend on one another for survival

○ Can be between plants and animals

§ T.d. Bumblebee and a flower

□ Could be any other insect

□ Birds and berries

□ Birds and bovines

® They eat the flies

- Mutualism:

○ Both populations benefit from one another (from interacting)

○ They depend on each other for survival...

§ T.d. Carnivorous plants and bats

□ Bat sleeps in there and the plant survives on its poop

- Commensalism:

○ One species benefits without any impact on the other

○ T.d. Epiphytes (mosi) and trees

- Competitions:

○ Interspecific:

§ Compete for something

§ Excludes one species

§ Emphasis on geographic location

□ Will be in a different area of the same location (split the geographic area) when another species is present, but rule the whole area if alone

§ Can be a limiting factor for a geograpic distribution of the species

§ Allelopathy - Bælilíf, návörn

□ "Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon by which an organism produces one or more biochemicals that influence the germination, growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms. These biochemicals are known as allelochemicals and can have beneficial or detrimental effects on the target organisms and the community."

□ Suits a chemical which negatively influence another induvidual

® Chemical warfair...

○ Intraspecific:

§ Competition between induviduals of the same species

○ Scramble:

§ 2 populations use the same resources...

□ Influence each other

® One may be affecting the other negativvely...

◊ Like eating most of the food

} Dont have to interact with each other

– Can be indirect

○ Contest:

§ T.d. a fight

§ Direct interaction

- Mimicry:

○ One species evolves to look like another

§ Maybe don't interact, but have the same preditors....

○ Mullerian mimicry:

§ Same colorations

○ Batesian mimicry:

§ Same colours, but different pattern

- Amensalism:

○ Negative impact on one species, another species is unaffected

§ T.d. herbivores: Grazing

□ Accidentaly eats insects...

§ Asymmetrical competition:

□ Insects left behind have to compete with the herbivore for food

- Predation:

○ One organism conusmes another

§ Carnivores = herivores

□ Mostly generalist

§ Herbivores = plants

□ Some predatores can be spceialist (herbivores)

Abundance - population density

- Most species will do everything to avoid competing with each other

Coexistence:

- Resource partitioning:

○ Species live togher in the same geographical area, but there is a clear barrier where the species split

§ Chipmunk species in a mountain

- Character displacement:

○ Characteristics change, depending on the competition (present or not)

- Spatial competition (nánari útskýring):

○ Allows a greater number of species to coexist on limited resources

- Polyspecific associations:

○ Different spceies live along side each other:

§ Almost cooperating

§ Interact quite actively with each other

□ Warn, defend, groom and play together

Stenophagy:

- Depend on one species, which is a specialist nieche

○ Depends on another factor (only grows on one type of area)

○ Panda = Bamboo

Benefits:

○ Optimal foraging theory

○ Doesn't have to travel far for food

○ Some are resistant to toxins

○ Micro environments:

§ Stay on one plant

§ Don't travel far

□ Leads to a large number of individuals of the same species to be in one specific area

Predator impact:

- Where predators impact the distribution of a prey species in an area

○ It's introduced to a specific area, so the prey are not used to it

§ And therefore can't defend themselves

□ Introdction of cats by colonialism to vulnarable areas

Keystone species:

- When removing a species (predator) leads to prey to take over (domminant)

○ It takes over and drowns out other species

Parasitimsm:

- Most parasites are not lethal:

○ It doesn't benefit to kill the host...

§ They are thieves

- Micro parasites:

○ Viruses

○ Bacteria

○ Protozoa (frumdýr, einkjörnungar)

- Macro parasites:

○ Worms,

○ Ticks

○ Fleas

○ Lice

○ Mites

○ Birds

○ Fish

○ Bats

Plants