world history

The Industrial Revolution Overview

• Time Frame: 1750 - Early 20th Century

• Location: Began in England

• Definition: Shift from handmade goods to machine-based factory production.

Impact of the Industrial Revolution

• Population Shifts: Millions moved to cities.

• Technological Advances: Innovations in transportation (railroads) and communication (telegraph, telephone).

• Economic Changes: Increase in available goods and rise of the middle class.

• Social Issues: Uneven distribution of benefits led to social challenges.

Key Factors for England's Industrialization

• Geography & Politics: Stability and access to resources favoring industrial growth.

• Banking & Enterprise: Strong banking system supported investments; low business restrictions encouraged innovation.

Natural Resources & Labor

• Water & Minerals: Rivers provided power; iron and coal were essential.

• Population Growth: Increased availability of labor due to agricultural advancements and the enclosure movement.

Innovations in Textiles and Power

• Key Innovations: Flying shuttle, spinning jenny, water frame.

• Steam Power: James Watt enhanced steam engines for factory use, transforming production.

Economic Concepts

• Division of Labor: Adam Smith highlighted efficiency through task specialization.

• Overall Growth: Productive nations gained wealth through trade.

Social Conditions in Factories

• Factory Life: Long hours and harsh conditions were common, especially for women and children.