E-business

E-BUSINESS Introduction

• Electronic business has become prevalent with the presence of internet and web technologies.
• E-business is conducting business on the Internet, including buying, selling, customer service, and collaboration with partners.

History of E-commerce

• 1960: Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) replaced traditional document mailing and faxing.
• Up to 1982: Teleshopping was introduced and widely used.
• 1982-1991: Minitel was introduced with the help of videotex terminal.
• 1990: Web server and web browser were developed.
• 1991: Internet was introduced for trading, and many businesses started operating online.
• Google and Yahoo search engines popularized online activities.
• After 2000: Security reforms increased e-business volume, continuing with internet use in smartphones and tablets.

Meaning of E-Business

• E-business: Buying and selling goods/services via the internet.
• It involves using information and communication technologies to support business processes.
• E-commerce: Business transactions via telecommunication networks like the internet, involving financial transactions by electronic means.

Components of E-Business

1. Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
2. Supply Chain Management (SCM)
3. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
4. E-commerce
5. Business Intelligence (BI)
6. Online Activities

E-commerce Transactions

1. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
2. E-mail
3. Electronic Bulletin Boards
4. Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT)
5. Other network-based technologies

Impact of E-Commerce

1. Marketing
2. Computer Science
3. Finance and Accounting
4. Economics
5. Production and Operations Management
6. Manufacturing
7. Management Information System (MIS)
8. Human Resource Management
9. Law and Ethics

Importance/Significance/Features of E-Commerce Technology

1. Improved Sales
2. Improved Responsiveness
3. Efficient Inventory Management
4. Increased Efficiency and Effectiveness
5. Planning and Execution
6. Extended Market Space
7. Service Availability and Global Reach
8. Sets Universal Standards
9. Interactivity and Support
10. Information Density
11. Personalization or Customization

Benefits of E-Commerce

A. To Business

1. Global Reach
2. Cost Effective
3. New Customers with Search Engine Visibility
4. Reduces Paper Costs
5. Reduction in Inventories
6. Mass Customization and Competitive Advantage
7. No Middlemen
8. Reduced Production Lead Time
9. Improved Customer Relationship
10. Lower Sale and Marketing Costs
11. Lower Telecommunication Costs
12. New Found Business Partners
13. Increased Supply Chain Efficiencies
14. Digitization of Products and Processes
15. Information Sharing

B. To Consumers

1. Gives Freedom to Make Choices
2. Increase in Variety of Goods
3. More Choice and Alternatives
4. Convenience of Shopping at Home
5. Ensure Secrecy
6. More Competitive Prices and Increased Price Comparison Capabilities
7. Access to Greater Amounts of Information on Demand
8. Time Compression
9. Quick Delivery of Digitized Products/Services
10. Provide Comparison Shopping
11. E-payment System

C. To Society

1. Enables More Flexible Working Practices
2. Connects People
3. Facilitates Delivery of Public Services

Disadvantages of E-Commerce

1. Lacks Personal Touch
2. System and Data Integrity issues
3. Delays in Goods Delivery
4. System Scalability concerns
5. Dependent on the Internet
6. Many Goods Cannot Be Purchased Online
7. Infrequent Online Product Purchases
8. Inability to Experience the Product Before Purchase
9. Loyal Customers may be lost
10. Shopping as a Social Experience is diminished
11. Ease of Setting Up an E-Commerce Website leads to more competition
12. Too Many Competitors
13. Security Concerns

Comparison of Traditional Commerce and E-Commerce

E-COMMERCE BUSINESS MODELS

A business model: Organization of product, service, and information flows, including revenue sources.
The concept of E- business model is same as the traditional business model but in the online presence.

1. Business to Business Model (B2B)

• Transactions between two companies.

Advantages of B2B Model

1. Efficiently maintain supply chain movement and manufacturing/procuring processes.
2. Automate corporate processes for quick and cost-effective delivery.
3. Global trade market with anytime buying options.
4. Creates new sales opportunities
5. Lowers search costs and time for buyers
6. Reduces marketing and sales costs
7. Provides efficient customer service
8. Increases opportunities for collaboration
9. Enables customized online catalogs with varied pricing

Disadvantages of B2B Model

1. Delays in Goods Delivery (earliest receipt is next day)
2. Inability to Purchase Some Goods Online (e.g., perishable items)
3. Unable to experience the product before purchasing
4. Fraudulent Websites and Scams
5. Security Issues (credit card fraud, identity theft)

2. Business-to-Consumer (B2C)

• Businesses sell products/services to consumers.
• Refers to online selling (e-tailing).
• Represents the vast majority of e-Commerce websites online.

Advantages of B2C Model

1) For Business

• Worldwide market reach
• Product information display with colorful advertisement
• Easy order processing
• Low or no overhead

2) For Consumers

• Convenience to customers
• More choices for consumers

Disadvantages of B2C

1) To Business

• Many websites offering same product
• Technological problems in website
• Lack of security norms

2) To Consumer

• Lack of security norms
• Unsatisfied customers

3. Consumer to Consumer (C2C) Model

• Facilitates transactions between customers.

Advantages of C2C Model

1. Direct customer-seller contact eliminates middlemen.
2. Anyone can sell and advertise from home.
3. Sellers reach national and international customers.
4. Feedback helps sellers & buyers.
5. Swift transactions with online payment systems like PayPal.

Disadvantages of C2C Model

1. Fees for online auction displays.
2. Increased Internet-related auction frauds.
3. Rising identity theft issues.
4. Unknown charges on credit card/bank statements.
5. Illegal/restricted products and services may be found.

4. Consumer to Business (C2B)

• Transactions from consumers to business organizations.
• Reverses traditional B2C model. consumers ----> business.

5. Peer-to-Peer (P2P)

• Technology enabling file/resource sharing without a central server.
• Requires software installation on both ends.
• Mutual help between consumers with low revenue.
• Often involves cyber law complications.

6. Government-to-Consumer (G2C)

• Government transacts with individual consumers.
• Example: Tax payments online.

7. Consumer-to-Government (C2G)

• Consumer interacts with the government.
• Example: Paying income or house tax online.

8. Business-to-Government (B2G)

• Business firms interact with the government.
• Example: Paying corporate tax online.

WEB AUCTIONS (Online Auctions)

• Auctions held over the internet, removing physical limitations.
• Wider audience reach.
• Major sites: eBay, Ubid, Craigslist.

Advantages of Online Auctions

1. No fixed time constraint
2. Flexible time limits
3. No geographical limitations
4. Offers highly intensive social interactions
5. Includes a large numbers of sellers and bidders, which encourages a high-volume online business

Disadvantages of Online Auctions

1. Unlawful actions conducted.
2. Delays in delivery.

Types of Online Auctions

1. English Auctions: Ascending bid, open to all, winners pay their bid.
2. Dutch Auctions: Price starts high, lowered until a buyer accepts.
3. First-Price Sealed-Bid: Single bids, highest bidder wins and pays their bid. Bids are not open.
4. Vickrey Auction: Second-price sealed bid. Highest bidder wins, pays second-highest bid.
5. Reverse Auction: Buyers and sellers reversed. Multiple sellers compete for a buyer's business, prices decrease.
6. Shill Bidding: Fake bids that benefit the seller, raises final price unethically.

VIRTUAL COMMUNITIES

• People sharing interests and ideas over the internet.
• Interactions through social media, crossing geographical and political boundaries.

Types of Virtual Communities

1. Internet Message Boards: Online forums for discussion.
2. Online Chat Rooms: Real-time communication.
3. Virtual Worlds: Interactive online team-based games.
4. Social Network Services: Websites or platforms for maintaining relationships (Facebook, Twitter).

Benefits of Virtual Communities

1. More flexible and accessible (24/7).
2. Easy relevance for exchanging real-life examples.
3. Community building.
4. Limitless possibilities for discussion.
5. Choice of participation level.

Limitations of Virtual Community

1. Overloading information can be hard to follow (stress-inducing).
2. No physical documents, facial expressions or gestures creates a risk of misunderstanding.
3. Directionless without a leader.
4. Inefficient, takes longer than verbal conversation, questions may be unanswered.
5. Threads are often broken by users not sticking to the topic

WEB PORTAL

• Web page bringing information together from diverse sources in a uniform way.
• Offers resources and services like email, forums, search engines, and online shopping.
• Examples: AOL, Excite, Netvibes, iGoogle, MSN, Naver, India times, Rediff, Sify and Yahoo!.

Types of Web Portals

1. Vertical Portals: Focus on specific industry, domain, provide tools, information, and research on the vertical.
2. Horizontal Portals: Focus on a wide array of interests and topics for general audience, provide content on the topic of interest and guiding towards the right direction.
3. Enterprise Portals: For intranet use, provide updated information, document management, application access, training, and communication.
4. Knowledge Portals: Provide easy access to information, collaboration, discovery services, and knowledge maps.
5. Corporate Portals: Personalized access to company information for executives, employees, suppliers, and customers.
6. Market Space Portals: Support B2B and B2C e-commerce, software support, and discussion groups.
7. Search Portals: Aggregate results from several search engines.

E-BUSINESS REVENUE MODELS

• Describes how a company earns revenue and generates profits.

Types of E-Business Revenue Models

1. Advertising Revenue Model: Website offers content and receives fees from advertisers.
2. Subscription Revenue Model: Users pay a subscription fee for access to content or services.
3. Transaction Fee Revenue Model: Company receives a fee for enabling or executing a transaction.
4. Sales Revenue Model: Derives revenue by selling goods, information, or services to customers.
5. Affiliate Revenue Model: Sites steer business to an affiliate and receive a referral fee.

Hardware and Software for E-Business (E-Business Infrastructure)

• E-Business infrastructure: Important parameter to all companies adopting E-business.
• E- Business affects directly the quality of service experienced by users of the system in terms of speed, security, richness, user friendly and responsiveness.
• A good infrastructure refers to the combination of hardware such as servers and client PCs in an organization, the network used to link this hardware and the software applications.
• Infrastructure also includes the architecture of the networks, hardware and software and where it is located.
• A key decision with managing this infrastructure is which elements are located within the company and which are managed externally as third- party managed applications.

The Basic Technologies For E-Commerce

1. Web Server: A computer or program hosting a website, managing access attempts.
2. Web Browser: Software application used to locate and display Web pages.
3. Web Authoring Tools: Tools for creating web pages quickly (e.g., Dreamweaver).
4. Database System: Stores product information, prices, descriptions, images,customer details in an e-Commerce website.
5. Operating Systems: Include running programs, allocating computer resources.
6. Internet: The physical network linking computers globally.

Basics of E-Commerce

• E-commerce functions similarly to conventional commerce, involving the sale and purchase of goods/services for a price.
• Transactions are conducted online, with consumers visiting websites to select products or services.
• Payment is facilitated through credit or debit cards, or via internet banking over secured connections and then deposited in merchant bank account.
• The seller arranges for product delivery.
• Unlike traditional commerce, e-commerce transactions occur globally and 24/7, without the constraints of weekly holidays or closing times.

Client-Server Architecture

• Client software interacts with server software.
• Browsers interact with servers using protocols.
• Web uses connection-less protocol (connection lost after each interaction).

Some common Internet protocols

• HTTP: Used for transferring web pages and files.
• FTP: Used for transferring files from one machine to the other.
• SMTP: Used for email communication.
• IMAP: Internet message access protocol
• POP: Post office Protocol
• Https: Secure HTTP or Http over SSL

Procedure of Client-server communication

a. User enters the website URL in the browser (Example: www.yahoo.co.in). Then the request is sent to the web server which is present in the remote location. This request is sent via internet.
b. The server receives the request and looks for the file requested and sends the response back to client. The response contains th e web page and images.
c. The client receives the response from the server and displays the webpage in the browser.

INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIREMENTS FOR E-COMMERCE

1) Telecommunication Infrastructure Requirements

a. Bandwidth: the amount of traffic
b. Security: firewall and encryption

2) Hardware Requirements for E-commerce

a. Number of transactions per second;
b. Number of hits per second;
c. Number of queries per second;
d. Number of queries done by database per second;
e. Number of pages served per second
f. Need for backup servers

3) Software Requirements for e-Commerce

• Apache Web Server.
• Linux Operating System
• mySQL database

4) Technical Skill Requirements

• Good knowledge of computer hardware
• Must have the skill to install the software and applications.
• High level programmer
• Should have the knowledge of web technologies like HTML, Java Script PHP, Web 2.0, XML etc.

5) Financial Infrastructure

 High availability telecommunication network
 Good integrated banking software
 Use of WAN and Internet for banking operations
 Availability of Electronic fund transfer System
 Availability of Electronic Clearing System
 Availability of Public Key based Encryption System
 Availability of Credit Card System both for local and international payment
 Availability of Foreign Exchange Remittance Mechanism over the Internet

E-Commerce Software

Components of e-commerce software

a. Catalogue Display
A catalogue is a listing of goods and services.
A static catalogue is a simple list written in HTML that appears on a Web page or a series of Web pages.
A dynamic catalogue stores the information about items in a database.

b. Shopping Cart:
A shopping cart is used by E-commerce web sites to track the items that are selected for purchase

c. Transaction Processing
Transaction processing can be the most complex part of the online sale.

d. Middleware
Middleware is customized for their businesses by the middleware vendor or a consulting firm.

e. Enterprise Application Integration with Databases
Application Program: A program that performs a specific function.
Application Server: A computer that takes the request messages received by the Web server and runs application programs that perform some kind of action based on the contents of the request messages.

f. Web Services
Web services are a combination of software tools that let application software in one organization communicate with server applications over a network.

g. Integration with ERP Systems
ERP software packages are business systems that integrate all facets of a business

Web Browsers

A Web Browser is a software application used to locate and display Web pages. It is able to retrieve, find, view, and send information over the internet

Primary functions of Web Browser

a) To give user's access to the World Wide Web.
b) A Web browser knows how to go to a Web server on the Internet and request a page.
c) A Web browser knows how to interpret the set of HTML tags within the page in order to display the page on the screen
d) To play games through the browser, use chat rooms and use more interactive websites.

Web Server Software

The web server program is software that runs on the web site hosting Server computer.
When the user clicks a hyperlink on a Web page, a request is sent to the Web server for the page associated with the link.

Popular web server software used in e-commerce

Apache HTTP Server, Microsoft Internet Information Services (lIS), nginx, and Google Web server are the most popular web servers used as of today.

E-Commerce Hardware Web Server Hardware

All html files, databases and image files that make up the entire content of the web site are stored on the server. Web servers will run on a Windows or Linux or any other operating system and will use web server software to manage access requests to the website

Factors determining web server hardware and software requirements

a) Size of the web site
b) Purpose of the web site
c) Traffic on the web site

Web Server Hardware Requirements of B2B and B2C commerce sites include:

a. They must be available 24 hours a day,7 days a week
b. Reliable servers
c. Backup servers for high availability
d. Efficient and easily upgraded software
e. Security software
f. Database connectivity

Parts of the computer make bigger impact on the performance of the E-

Commerce-
a) Network card
b) Server Processor
c) Server Memory
d) Hard Drives

WEB HOSTING

Web hosting is a service that allows organizations and individuals to publish or upload a website or web page on to the Internet.
Websites are hosted, or stored, on special computers called web servers.

Features provided by Web Hosting Service Providers:

a. Amount of Storage
b. Amount of Bandwidth
c. Domain Registration
d. Number of Sub-domains
e. Email Support
f. Database Support
g. Technical Support
h. Site Backup
i. Choice of Operating System
j. 24/7 Availability

Selecting best Web Hosting Provider:

1. Evaluate the disk space and bandwidth needs
2. Choosing the right operating system
3. Reliability and availability
4. Security
5. Price
6. E-mail services
7. 24/7 support

Types of Web Hosting

1. Free Web Hosting
2. Shared Web Hosting
3. Dedicated Web Hosting
4. Cloud Web Hosting
5. Co-location Web Hosting

Web Site And Internet Utility Programs:

A utility program allows a user to perform maintenance type tasks usually related to managing a computer, server; internet communications, client server communication, or programs.

1. Finger utilities are used to find information about the users that are on the network
2. Packet Internet Groper utility (ping) is useful for making sure the connection on the network
3. Route-tracing programs (traceroute) are used to determine the amount of time it takes for a message sent from one computer to another and back
4. Telnet allows users to log on to a computer that is connected to the Internet
5. FTP(File transfer Protocol) allows to transfer files between two computers on the Internet.
6. Data Analysis
7. Link-checking

Shopping Cart Software

A shopping cart is a piece of e-commerce software on a web server that allows visitors to select items in the website for online purchase

Important features to consider while doing Shopping cart comparison.

1. Payment Alternatives
2. Searching and Browsing Website
3. Product Ratings and Reviews
4. Wish List and Gift Registry Options
5. Inventory Management
6. Faster Checkout
7. Tracking Orders
8. Special Offers
9. Security for Ecommerce Sites

Types of Shopping Cart Software:

1. Licensed software
2. Hosted service
3. Free licensed shopping cart software

E-Commerce Software Tools:

1. Web Site Development Tools
2. Intershop Infinity
3. IBM Web Sphere Commerce Professional Edition
4. Microsoft Commerce Server 2002
5. Enterprise-Class Electronic Commerce Software
6. Customer Relationship Management Software
7. Supply Chain Management Software
8. Content Management Software
9. Knowledge Management Software

E-Business Terminologies:

1. Domain Name
2. HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol
3. URL: A uniform resource locator
4. Web Browser
5. Web Client
6. Web Page
7. Web Site

Security for E-Business

Concepts of electronic security

 Confidentiality
 Integrity
 Availability

Electronic Security Features

1. Authentication
2. Authorization
3. Encryption
4. Auditing
5. Integrity
6. Nonrepudiation
7. Availability
8. Confidentiality
9. Privacy

Major vunerabilty points in E-commerce

1. Client side Security
2. Server side Security
3. Communication Channel Security

E-commerce threats

1. Tricking the Shopper These attacks involve
2. Snooping the Shopper's Computer
3. Sniffing the Network
4. Guessing Passwords
5. Using Known Server Bugs
6. Using Server Root Exploits
7. The Denial of Service (DoS)
8. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS)
9. SQL Injection
10. Price Manipulation
11. Session Hijacking
12. Cross-site script (XSS) (Cookie Theft)
13. Viruses
14. Worms
15. Trojan horse
16. Bots
17. EXE file
18. Browser parasites
19. Spyware

Steps to be taken to provide E-business security/ Protection from threats

1. Personal Firewalls
2. Antivirus Software
3. Anti-Spyware Software
4. Data Back-up
5. Encryption
6. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
7. Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
8. PCI Standard Compliance
9. Digital Signatures and Certificates
10. Password policies
11. Installing Recent Patches
12. Intrusion Detection and Audits of Security Logs
13. Physical Security

Encryption and Cryptography

Encryption

Encoding messages or information so only authorized parties can read it.

Cryptography

Science,practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties.

Basic terms in Cryptography

 Plain text: The original intelligible message.
 Cipher text:The transformed message
 Cipher: An alhgorithm for transforming an intelligible meessage into unintelligible messageby transposition and/or substitution.
 Key: Some critical information used bythe cipher, known only to the senderand receiver.
 Encipher(Encode):The process of converting plain text to cipher text.
 Decipher(decpde): The process of converting cipher text to plain text.

Types ofEncryption

1. Symmetric Key Encryption
2. Public Key Encryption/ Asymmetric Key Encryption

Digital Signature and Digital certificate

It's is also possible to use your private key for encryption and your public key for decryption but is a crucial part of digitally signing any data

Hashing

The signing software crunches the data using one-way hashing formula.This process is called as hashing

Message Digest

A message digest is a cryptographic hash function containing a string of digits created by a one-way hashing formula

Digital certificate

An attachment to an electronic message used for security purposes

Secure Sockets Layer

SSL is a security protocol. Protocols describe how algorithms should be used; in this case, the SSL protocol determines variables of the encryption for both the link and the data being transmitted.

How Does the SSL Certificate Create a Secure Connection Or how does it work?

When a browser attempts to access a website that is secured by SSL, the browser and the web server establish an SSL connection using a process called an “SSL Handshake”

What is a firewall?

Firewall is a network security system that controls the incoming and outgoing network traffic based on an applied rule set.

Types of Firewall

1. Network layer or packet filters
2. Application layer firewall
3. Proxy server
4. Network address translation

Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)

Virtual private network (VPN) extends a private network across a public network, such as the Internet.

Network security policy

A generic document that outlines rules for computer network access, determines how policies are enforced and lays out some of the basic architecture of the company security/ network security environment.

E-Payment

A. Entities Electronic payments involve a payer and a payee.

1. Payer (buyer or customer)
2. Payee (seller or merchant)
3. Financial institution (bank or mint)
4. Trusstee/Payment Gateways

B. Phases in E-Payment

1. Registration
2. Invoicing
3. Payment selection and processing
4. Payment authorization and confirmation

C. Classification of Payment Systems
1) On the basis of Payment instruments: There are three common electronic payment instruments, namely cash, cheque and card.
a) Cash payment systems
b) Cheque payment system
c) Card payment schemes
1) On the basis of payment time, i.e.,Pre-paid, Pay-now and Post-pay:
a) Pre-paid system
b) Pay-now system
c) Post-pay systems
1) On the basis communicational characteristics, i.e.,Offline and Online:
a) Offline system
b) On-line system
1) Other Classifications:
a) Micropayments
b) Mobile Payments
c) Polling Schemes
d) Phone bases System

Types of E-Payment system

1) Credit Card payment System
2) Debit Card Payment System
3) Digital Accumulating Balance Payment Systems
4) Online Stored Value Systems
5) Digital Cash
6) Digital Wallet
7) Agile Wallet
8) Smart Card
9) Digital Cheque or electronic cheque.
10) E-Money
11) Electronic Fund Transfer
12) PAYPAL

Secure Electronic Transaction protocol (SET Protocol)

Protects credit card information and provides digital signatures

E-Business Marketing Technologies

Marketing process, distribution strategy, promotion, and pricing of goods and services to the market share of the internet or through other digital equipment.

Characteristics Of Marketing In A B To B Environment

1. Committees of people in an organization responsible for purchases
2. Technical details
3. Knowledge of the products
4. Long-term relationships
5. High costs

B To C Marketing Characteristics

1. Decision making
2. Short sales cycles-days or even minutes for impulse buys
3. Brand is built through advertising and referrals
4. Social media
5. Customer service is core to sales:

Differences between B2B And B2C

Marketing techniques of both B2C and B2B should take into account the target market. In many respects B2B can leverage techniques traditionally associated with B2C but with increased levels of personalization that B2C rarely attempts.

Cookies

Cookies: small, often encrypted text files, to keep track of your movements within the site

Uses of Cookies

a) Session Management
b) Personalisation
c) Tracking

Types of Cookies

a) Session cookie
b) Persistent cookie
c) Secure cookie
d) Http Only cookie
e) Third-party cookie
f) Supercookie
g) Zombie cookie

Cookie threat

a) Cookie poisoning
b) Cookie theft
c) Cookie hijacking(Session hijacking)

Shopping Cart

A shopping cart is a piece of e-commerce software on a web server that allows visitors to select items in the website for online purchase
Database to Allows creation of store and sort and customers browsing for products

Popular data bases

a) MySQL
b) Microsoft Access
c) SQL Server

The major issues and challenges of designing a database for e-commerce environments:

a) Handling of multimedia and semi-structured data
b) Translation of paper catalog into a standard unified format and cleansing the data
c) Supporting user interface at the database level/easy navigation
d) Schema evolution
e) Data evolution (e.g., changes in specification and description, naming, prices)
f) Handling meta data
g) Capturing data for customization and personalisation such as navigation data within the context

Database Management System

DBMS) is a collection of program that enables user to create and maintain a database

SQL (Structured Query Language)

SQL is used to communicate with a database

Web Transaction Logs

Transaction log is a log of all changes to your database

Data Mining

Data mining is the process of analyzing data from different perspectives and summarizing it into useful information

Scope of Data Mining:

a) Classes
b) Clusters
c) Associations
d) Sequential patterns

Uses of Data mining

a) Extract, transform, and load transaction data onto the data warehouse system.
b) Store and manage the data in a multidimensional database system.
c) Provide data access to business analysts and information technology professionals.
d) Analyze the data by application software.
e) Present the data in a useful format, such as a graph or table.

Customer Relationship Management System (CRMS)

A system for managing a company’s interactions with current and future customers

Characteristics of CRM

a) Relationship management
b) Sales force automation
c) Use of technology
d) Opportunity management

Key Functionalities of a CRM

basic sub sections:
Marketing
Sales
Service

Key Functionalities of a CRM

Advantages

a) Departmental Integration
b) Enhanced Customer Service
c) Improved Sales and Marketing Tactics
d) Gaining customer loyalty
e) Good view over the list of customers and prospects
f) Enhanced productivity

Disadvantages

a) System Integration
b)Learning curve
c) tool choice

Marketing

affiliate marketing
viral marketing
permission marketing

Cyber Laws(Legal aspects of E-Business)

• Cyber law is a new phenomenon having emerged much after the onset of Internet.
• Internet grew in a completely unplanned and unregulated manner

Definition of Cyber law:

Cyber law is a term which refers to all the legal and regulatory aspects of Internet and the World Wide Web

Need for Cyber Laws in India:

That Internet requires an enabling and supportive legal infrastructure in tune with the times

1. In India wewell defined legal system to int interpreted the scenario of emerging cyberspace
2. gave any legal validity or sanction to the activities in cyberspace
3. Internet requires legal infrastructure in tune with the times