Enlightenment and Revolutions Unit Study Guide
People
John Locke
any democracy
people = good
social contract
unalienable rightslife, liberty, property
if gov doesn’t protect rights→revolt !
Thomas Hobbes
absolute monarchy
wrote leviathan
people = corrupt and selfish
social contract
people should hand over rights/decision making to gov for law/order, protection from chaos
Montesquieu
republic
gov should maintain law/order and people’s rights
HATES absolute monarchy
3 branches
Rousseau
direct democracy
people born good, corrupted by society
social contract
direct democracy = protects rights
representatives are corrupt so republic bad
people follow laws or else exile
Voltaire
limited monarchy
people = ignorant and uneducated
pen name, famous french philosopher
freedom of speech and religion
separation of church and state
jailed twice in bastille, exiled to england
Wollstonecraft
any democracy or limited monarchy
women’s rights & equality in politics and everyday life
fought against women being seen as inferior bc lack of education
saw marriage = tyranny
Enlightened Despots: monarchs who made reforms that reflected enlightenment ideas
Louis XIV (14th)
Louis XVI (16th)
didnt know hoe to fix france’s problems → ignored them
called for estates-general, sides w/ nobles
French Revolution
Causes of the Revolution
weak leadership
Louis XVI (16) didn’t know how to fix problems of france → he ignored the problems
debt
france in debt before Louis XVI (16) took over (wars, Louis XIV (14), & palace of versailles) plus helping with american revolutions
marie antoinette spent a LOT of money on useless stuff while people of france were starving
taxes
HUGE taxes on third estate
set up of the old regime unfair
at least half of the money the working class made went to taxes
king and queen used the money however they wanted
marie antoinette wasted money on gambling, parties, jewels, and clothes (“madame deficit“)
bad harvests
bad harvests → crop failures → severe shortage of grain → way less bread → prices of bread goes UP and people can’t afford to eat
Old Regime- who was in each estate and unfair percentages of taxes, land ownership, and population?
first estate (the clergy)
made up of the church
~1% of total population
0-2% of income taxed
owned ~10% of french land
second estate (the nobility)
made up of nobles
2% of total population
0% of income taxed
owned 20% of french land
third estate (middle class to peasantry)
made up of majority of population
97% of total population
50% of income taxed
owned ~10% of french land or less
Estates-General- why it happened, results, and effects
Louis XVI (16) calls for estates-general to help figure out france’s money issues
how to vote on decisions?
third estate wants delegates to meet all together and all delegates vote equally
first and second estates want to follow the old medieval rules
each estate gets ONE vote
louis XVI (16) sides with the nobles
Tennis Court Oath- events and what was created there
national assembly locked out of estates-general
marched to another place nearby- indoor tennis court
pledged to keep meeting until a new constitution was written
some nobles and clergy join
national assembly - a democratic group of mostly third estaters
passed laws for people
proclaimed end of absolute monarchy
first act of rebellion
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
“men are born and remain free and equal in rights“
rights: “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression“
gurantees: equal justice, freedom of speech, freedom of religion
sweet slogan: liberty, equality, fraternity
Know details of each event: Storming of the Bastille, Great Fear, Women’s Marchon Versailles, Flight of Varennes
Bastille Day
Louis XVI (16) got nervous about National Assembly & Constitution
surrounded versailles with armed guards
people thought they would be attacked by his guards
people looked for weapons in the bastille to protect themselves
killed guards, displayed heads on pikes
stole weapons/ammo
The Great Fear
in the country side, peasants heard rumor that they would be massacred by nobility and others
rumor that Louis XVI (16) is sending german mercenaries to kill them and keep them in line
peasants took up arms and burned manor house s throughout the country side
Women’s March on Versailles
riots led by women who were angry over the lack of bread
ask national assembly for help
they break into verailles to kill marie antoinette and others (they don’t get to her)
later, Louis XVI (16) and family forced to live in their paris palace, essentially under house arrest (later try to escape)
Flight to Varennes
kind louis and marie antoinette attempted to escape paris with their family (disguised as peasants)
caught near the border of austrian territory
why would they flee towards austria? because marie antoinette’s brothers’s ruling austria
man who used to work at versailles confirmed their identity
arrested and escorted back to paris to go in trial fallout of king’s arrest
Groups within the revolution:
National Assembly
a democratic group of mostly third estaters
passed laws for people
proclaimed end of absolute monarchy (first act of rebellion)
Sans-culottes
low third estators who wanted TONS of changes to france
the driving force behind revolution
Emigres
nobles and other first /second estaters who left france after revolution began
Committee of Public Safety/Jacobins
radical organization who took control
wanted tons of change
Napoleonic Era: Napoleonic code, successes and failures outside of France (wars- who they were against and big moments), how Napoleon’s rule ended
economy
goal:
stabilize the economy
results:
steady supply of money from taxes (tax collectors)
better financial management
control of the economy
code of law
goal:
give france a consistent set of laws that everyone followed
eliminate oppression
restore colonial order
results:
extreme male authority (women basically had no rights)
brought slavery back in the french colonies after it was abolished
haitian revolution
goal:
take back control from the slaves who revolted
toussaint loverture fought the french in haiti
restore the good sugar industry
results:
french overtaken by disease
haitians were too fierce of fighters (guerilla warfare)
napoleon decided to get rid of all french colonies
louisiana purchase
goal:
end potential for more losses in battle
get rid of colonies and make money
results:
france made 15 million from selling the territory to the us and it would punish the british by giving the us more power
battle of trafalgar
goal:
take over britain strengthen its empire
results:
british didn't lose a single ship
british navy ruled the seas for 100 years
stopped napoleon's plans of invading britain
the continental system
his attempt at cutting off Britain from the rest of Europe
blockade failure
The peninsular war (Napoleon made his brother king of Spain)
in attempt to keep control of Spain lost 300,000 troops
Spanish guerilla warfare in British helped beat French
invading russia
broken alliance because of British ties because of Russia
troops couldn't handle size and climate of Russia (scorched earth policy-burn everything and retreat)
started with 420,000 troops and left with 10,000
when his army was weak after the losses, Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, Holland, and Austria joined forces against him
Napoleon defeated in just a few months exiled to an island off Italian coast
louis XVIII(18) = new ruler of France, Louis XVI brother
French people hate him for wanting to undo reforms
nobility returns to France = bad for people more chaos
Napoleon escape from exile and came back to France
how it's welcome to him back and joined his army
Napoleon was emperor again 100 day campaign begins
after 100 day push for power
Battle of Waterlou
Napoleon attacked British troops
pressure comes to fight with Britain
Napoleon defeated → the end
exile to Saint Helena Island in South Atlantic
died there six years later
Congress of Vienna
balance of power
European empires and countries aren't way more powerful than each other balanced
France lost land won under Napoleon
Reinstated old, royal families of places taken over by Napoleon
People: Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, Maximilen Robespierre, Napoleon
Maximilen Robespierre
used the guillotine to make people scared
about 40,000 were beheaded during this time
marie antoinette too (10 months after king) for treason and child abuse (fake)
Latin American Revs
Haiti: main export of Haiti, colonial power they fought to be independent from, significance of their success
haiti mainly exported sugar
fought to be independent from france
(for everything else, see your Revolutions Jigsaw Study Guide)
Other European Revolutions
( see your Revolutions Jigsaw Study Guide)
Other terms/concepts:
Nationalism- the belief that your own country is better than all others
gave people a new sense of identity and unity
Impact of American and French Revolutions on history
Colonial power: a nation or state that exercises control over other territories for its own economic interests, often leading to exploitation and oppression of the indigenous population
Concepts
Know each of the philosophers preferred style of government/belief of what the role of government should be and their views on people in general
How did the Age of Exploration cause the Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment?
the age of exploration caused the scientific revolution and age of enlightenment because discovering and learning about other countries and their culture, new ideas could spread. with people finishing exploration and settling down, they were then inspired by these ideas and curious to discover more.
What were the two major ways ideas were spread during the Enlightenment?
the two major ways ideas were spread during the enlightenment was through trade and revolutions
How did the Enlightenment affect people’s idea of what the role of government is?
the enlightenment affected people’s idea of what the role of government is because new ideas were introduced to people. people realized they could have more rights, balance, equity, and more.