In-Depth Notes on the Mexican War of Independence

Colonization began in the 1500s: Spanish domination lasted about 300 years.
Introduction of Spanish culture, language, and diseases (like smallpox).

After 300 years of Spanish rule, Mexican populace grew increasingly tired and began to revolt.
Key contributing factors to the unrest:
Unfair caste system:
- Peninsulares: Spanish-born elites at the top.
- Creoles: Mexican-born Spanish descent.
- Mestizos: Mixed ethnicity population.
- Indigenous/enslaved people: At the bottom of the hierarchy.
Heavy taxation imposed by the Spanish crown to fund their wars.
Napoleon's actions in Spain during the Peninsular Wars created political instability, providing a chance for revolution.

Father Miguel Hidalgo, a priest, initiated the revolution on September 16, 1810 with the Grito de Dolores shouting for independence from Spanish rule.
He gathered mixed groups, including indigenous and mestizo peoples, to rise against Spanish authority.
Initial successes included capturing several cities but faced internal challenges (lack of discipline).
Hidalgo was captured and executed in 1811 after failing at the Battle of Calderon Bridge.

After Hidalgo, Jose Maria Morelos took leadership of the revolution:
Known for organizational skills and military strategies.
Captured significant cities such as Oaxaca and Acapulco.
Morelos' vision emphasized:
- Independence from Spain.
- Land reforms.
- Racial equality and social reforms.
Congress of Chilpachingo (1813) declared independence and drafted the country's first constitution.