11. Making Salts (whole chapter)

11.1 Making Salts from Acids and Metals

• Definition of Salts:

  • A salt is a compound formed when a metal replaces the hydrogen in an acid.

  • Different acids produce different salts:

    • Hydrochloric acid → Chlorides

    • Sulfuric acid → Sulfates

    • Nitric acid → Nitrates

Summary Steps

• To make salts from acids and metals:

  • React an acid with excess metal.

  • Filter to remove unreacted metal.

  • Heat to remove water.

  • Cool and let evaporate (as time goes on, solubility of the salt drops and forms crystals)

Summary Steps

• To make salts from acids and carbonates:

  • React an acid with excess metal carbonate.

  • Filter to remove unreacted metal carbonate.

  • Heat to remove water.

Summary Steps

• To make salts from acids and alkalis:

  • React an acid with an alkali (use an indicator).

  • Heat to remove water.

Summary Steps for Fertilizer Production

• Utilize neutralization of ammonia with acid to create desired ammonium salts for fertilizers.

• Definition of a Salt:

  • A salt is formed when metal replaces hydrogen in an acid.

• General Procedure for Salts:

  • Identify reactants and products through word equations, such as:

    • magnesium + hydrochloric acid → magnesium chloride + hydrogen

• Safety Considerations when handling acids and gases produced in reactions.

  • Importance of appropriate protective gear and methods to minimize risks during experiments.

HCl = Hydrochloric Acid

H2SO4 = Sulphuric Acid

HNO3 = Nitric Acid

Making Salts from Acids: General Formulas

1. From Metals:

   Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen

   Example: Magnesium + Hydrochloric Acid → Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen

2. From Carbonates:

   Metal Carbonate + Acid → Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

   Example: Copper Carbonate + Sulfuric Acid → Copper Sulfate + Water + Carbon Dioxide

3. From Alkalis:

   Acid + Alkali → Salt + Water

   Example: Hydrochloric Acid + Sodium Hydroxide → Sodium Chloride + Water

4. Ammonium Salts:

   Ammonia + Acid → Ammonium Salt + Water

   Example: Ammonia + Sulfuric Acid → Ammonium Sulfate + Water

Summary

• Salts are formed by the reactions of acids with metals, carbonates, and alkalis.

• Key reactions produce gases (like hydrogen or carbon dioxide) and yield salts alongside water in some cases.

12. Rate of Reaction

1. Gas Production: In reactions that produce a gas, the total amount of gas collected at the end of each minute can indicate how the rate of reaction changes over time.

2. Concentration of Solutions: For reactions involving solutions, a higher concentration of reactants results in a faster reaction rate.

3. Temperature: Increasing the temperature generally increases the rate of reaction due to more energetic collisions between particles.

4. Surface Area: Increasing the surface area of solid reactants, such as by grinding them into smaller pieces, can lead to a higher reaction rate due to greater particle exposure.

5. Catalysts: Catalysts are substances that speed up reactions without being consumed in the process, allowing reactions to occur more efficiently.

Rate of Reaction formula: Quantity / Time