WHAP- Unit 7, 8, & 9

-> SHIFTING POWERS OUTSIDE THE WORLD WARS

• Mexico

  • Ruled by a dictator called Diaz for 31 years

  • Cause: popular uprising against Diaz

  • Leader: Francisco Madero

  • Outcome: 1917 Constitution- outlines Mexico as a constitutional secular republic w/ rights & democracy

• Ottomans (Turkey)

  • Ottomans took the wrong side of WW1 & fought against the US = loser of the war

    • Tanzimat Reforms weren’t looking too good 

  • Cause: Treaty of Versailles + WW1

  • Leader: Mustafa Ataturk

    • Young Turks- reform group in the empire that wanted a modern/nationalist Turkish 

  • Outcome: Turkish Republic = secular & MODERN/WESTERN Turkish government

    • Ottoman Empire dissolved into mandates- new colonies of empire given Britain & France

• Russia

  • Romanovs (Tsar Nicholas II) was HORRIBLE & needed to go + WW1 issues

  • Cause: popular uprising of the Russian Revolution of 1917 

  • Leader: Vladimir Lenin + Bolsheviks

    • Red Army led by Leon Trotsky helped fight against anti-Bolsheviks/White Army in the Russian Civil War 

    • Great Purge: Eliminated everything that threatened Lenin’s power

  • Outcome: soviet union

• Qing China 

  • Chinese are fed up with Manchus & establish their own Chinese United League (Tongmenghui) of 1911

  • Cause: popular uprising

  • Leader: Dr. Sun Yat-Sen

  • Outcome: Republic of China is created

    • Republic doesn’t last for too long & falls to communists 

World War 1 Era

-> CAUSES

• M- militarism

• A- alliances

  • Triple Entente (Allied Powers): Russia (exits & replaced by the US), France, Britain

  • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (neutral + replaced with Ottoman Empire) 

    • Later known as Central Powers 

    • Otto Von Bismarck- Prussian chancellor who unified Germany + called Europe a “powder keg” ready to explode

• I- imperialism

• N- nationalism

  • War propaganda to mobilize the war effort

-> Carrying out WW1

• Trouble in the Balkans

  • Serbia- slavic ppl who don’t have their own country + wanted to unify into one slavic state

• Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary visits Bosnia; assassinated by Gavrilo Princip (Serbian nationalist)

• USA’s ROLE

  • Initially wanted to practice isolationism

  • BUT: German submarine sinks Lusitania & kills American ppl + Zimmeran telegram interceoted = US declares war 

• Treaty of Versailles -> officially ends WW1

  • Allied powers benefit while Germany pays the price economically & becomes weak

    • Part of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points- focused on future peace 

      • League of Nations- nations agreed to sign it but no one actually joins, including the US

• INTERWAR ECONOMY

  • The Great Depression- severe economic crisis dealt by different nations in different ways

    • Soviet Union- Stalin does the 5 Year Plans (forced industrialization/farming to modernize USSR)

      • Collectivization- taking over farms & combine them into state-owned businesses

      • Before Stalin, Lenin had New Economic Policy (NEP)- farmers sell portions of their grain for self profit

    • USA- FDR uses Keynesian economics to help economy

    • Fascist Italy- favored domestic industries that promoted nationalistic + Fascist policies

World War 2 Era

-> MAIN CAUSES:

• Germany’s invasion of Poland (1939)

• Japan’s invasion of China (1937) in the [2nd Sino-Japanese War]

• Totalitarianism- Stalin who had/ absolute power

• Fascism- extreme nationalism relying on racial identity 

  • Italy- Benito Mussolini 

    • Blackshirts- fought socialist/communist parties that got approval from land/factory owners

  • Germany- Adolf Hitler seized control under fascist rule of the Third Reich

    • Conservative society -> conservative democratic republic of Weimar Republic 

    • Rise of National Socialist Party (Nazi)

    • Took back Rhineland previously lost in WW1 + allied with Japan

    • Appeasement- foreign policy strategy of agreeing to do wtv an agressive power wants to avoid conflict, as seen in Neville Chambelain of England

    • Nazi-Soviet Pact- agreement btwn Germany & Russia that Hitler wouldn’t invade USSR if they stayed out of the way 

  • Japan- increases in imperial power after taking over China

    • Rape of Nanjing 

    • Sino-Japanese war

    • Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

-> Carrying out WW2

• Hitler’s war tactic = blitzkrieg

• Britain refuses to surrender despite defeat of French ally due to new leadership under Winston Churchill

  • Germany air bombs -> Battle of Britain

• Japan enters into the Tripartite Pact- alliance of Japan, Germany, & Italy against US intervention

  • US cuts off trade w/ Japan due to Indochina invasion & Japan’s mad => bombing of Pearl Harbor

• Manhattan Project- US works on creating atomic bomb

  • D-day- western forces help liberate France

  • President Truman orders bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki

Consequences of the World Wars

• Holocaust- mass genocide of Jews 

• Peace settlement

  • US vs. Soviet -> big superpowers now -> start of Cold War

  • Germany occupied by allies for a long time

  • Japan demilitarized & established democracy

• Europe was absolutely RUN OVER -> Marshall Plan- US money helped to recover Western Europe

• DECLINE OF IMPERALISM- local populations rise up

• Women more employed now

• International Organizations

  • United Nations- 1st org. to reduce chances of another war + replaced League of Nations

    • Universal Declaration of Human Rights- focus on children, women, & refugees

  • World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, etc. 

-> Mass atrocities Collegeboard wants you to know

1. Armenian Genocide

2. The Holodomor in Ukraine

3. Holocaust

4. Cambodian Genocide

5. Rwandan Genocide

Cold War 

-> US vs. USSR + Non-aligned (NAM)

• US = capitalism

• USSR = communism

• US & Soviet always tried to bring the rest of the world into their beef, all of which was carried out through arms race

  • Yalta & Potsdam Conferences- plans to divide Eastern Europe into spheres of influence, each of which are occupied by Allied forces 

    • Germany divided into 4 regions, controlled by France, Britain, US, & Soviet Union

  • Berlin Blockade- Soviets cut of all land access Berlin from the west

    • Western forces control democratic West Germany; Soviets control East Germany 

      • Berlin Airlift- West flies in to give aid to the trapped western half of the city

• East vs. West

  • Soviet Bloc/satellite states- East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, & Hungary

  • Western Bloc- western europe

  • Containment- US policy of containing communism

    • Truman Doctrine- US stating that aid will be given to countries threatened by communism takeover

  • IRON CURTAIN- western & eastern military/nuclear tensions

    • West formed the NATO military alliance

    • East formed the Warsaw Pact military alliance

• NAM: countries that didn’t align w/ US or Soviets + aimed for decolonization, peace, & NEUTRALITY

  • Bandung Conference: 1st step towards NAM where African/Asian leaders meet in Indonesia to discuss a partnership in no longer RELYING ON WESTERN SUPERPOWERS

• NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION

  • Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty + International Atomic Energy Agency- tried to limit nuclear tec hn to just 5 powers of China, Russia, US, Great Britain, & France

-> Spread of communism

• The war existed because communism didn’t just stay in the Soviet Union

• CHINA

  • Sun Yat-Sen leads a more Westerized China w/ his Three Principles of the People- nationalism, socialism, & democracy

  • Chinese communists vs. Chinese nationalists 

    • Communists vs. Kuomintang (KMT) 

      • But Japan invades China during Chinese Civil War (Japan defeated)

    • Communists win!

  • Mao Zedong- formed the People’s Republic of China

    •  nationalized industry + REDISTRIBUTED LAND TO PEASANTS

    • Great Leap Forward- disastrous campaign to rapidly industrialize China which led to famine/deaths

      • Soviet giving up support for China is partly responsible for this 

    • Cutural Revolution- erasing all Western intelligence to retain Chinese culture + another MISTAKE

      • Mao’s Little Red Book- collection his communist teachings

  • NEW BETTER CHANGE -> Deng Xiaoping 

    • China opens up to the West again thru MIXTURE of capitalistic & communist reforms 

      • but, gov. still resists -> Tiananmen Square Massacre- gov. kill student protesters 

• KOREA

  • North Korea (communism) vs. South Korea (capitalism)

    • Representative of Soviet controlled Korea & US-controlled Korea 

• VIETNAM

  • French loses control of Indochina after WW2 & thru the Geneva Accords -> Vietnam split into two

    • Commusnism w/ Ho Chi Minh (ended up winning & unifying Vietnam in a communist nation)

    • Capitalism w/ Ngo Dinh Diem

• CUBA

  • Cuban Revolution- peasant revolt of the Batista Dictatorship; led by Fidel Castro

  • Cuban Missile Crisis- Cuba & Soviet Union agreement to stop letting US intervene thru launching/shipping missiles

• Creation of ISRAEL in the Middle East

  • Context: After the Holocaust, there was global support for a Jewish homeland 

    • So, Britiain alr controls Palestine under a mandate since WW1 and the UN propses a plan to divide that country into a Jewish & Arab state

      • Arabs: HELL NO, Jews: okay!

  • Zionists (Jewish nationalists) convinced Arthur Balfour to issue Balfour Declaration of 1917- stated the right for a home in Palestine for Jews

    • Arab-Israeli War- Muslims for Arab countries attack Israel, but Israel won

    • Six-Day War- Israel attacks Egypt, Syria, & Jordan + wins & gains so much territory 

      • Gains the West Bank, Gaza Strip, & Golan Heights

  • US = pro-Israel, Soviets = supports Arabs => cold war rivalry 

  • Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO): armed struggle to reclaim lost Palestinian land, led by Yasser Arafat

-> END OF COLD WAR

• Eastern Europe revolts after finding out about Western Europe’s standard of living 

  • Poland -> started the Solidarity Movement + later ended up joining NATO & integrating into the West

• Germany reunified w/ the fall of the Berlin Wall

• Soviet Union falls

  • Mikhail Gorbachev-> introduces glasnost (openness) & perestroika (restructuring), setting up the Soviet economy 

  • Other satellite states declared independence from the Soviet 

  • Russia’s 1st president- Boris Yeltsin -> challenged w/ reform the state & society 

Decolonization

-> INDIA

• Indian National Congress- Hindu political party advocatinf to increase rights of Indians under colonial rule

• Muslim League - advance the causes of Muslim Indians

• Amritsar Massacre- British killed peaceful protesters

• Muslims vs. Hindus after India gets independence

  • Mohandas Gandhi- practiced passive resistance

  • Muhammad Ali Jinnah- aimed to partition the subcontinent & form a separate Muslim nation

    • India & Pakistan created 

• Jawaharlal Nehru- 1st prime minister of postcolonial India 

  • Advocated for the NAM

-> AFRICA

• South Africa

  • Apartheid- racial segregation of whites & South Africans

    • Even after independence from Britain, apartheid didn’t improve 

    • So, Nelson Mandela led the African National Congress- org. aimed to get rid of apartheid

• African Union-  confederation that replaced Organization of African Unity (OAU)

• GHANA

  • Kwame Nkrumah- led Ghana to independence + advocated for Pan-Africanism, wich was the unification of all African nations + promoted state-led economic development 

-> MIDDLE EAST

• Iranian Revolution

  • Reza Shah Pahlavi came to power by outsting the then-ruling shah + wanted to modernize/industrialize Iran to keep up w/ Westerners 

  • Islamic fundamentalists = HATED these reforms that went against the Qu’ran teachings, so they ousted Pahlavi during the Iranian Revolution

    • New Shia Islamic Iran under Ayatollah Komeini’s rule 

• EGYPT

  • Gamal Abdel Nasser- led anti-imperialist movement, freeing itself from being under protectorate control

    • Nationalied the Seuz Canal => angered British & France 

    • Seuz Crisis- western powers invade Egypt 

    • Part of the NAM + advocated for unification of Arab countries 

• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries- soon after Middle Eastern countries realize how much power they held due to their possession of oil @ home, they organized to make $$