Test one TJC U.S History 

Supplemental Study Guide for Dr. Owens’s History 1301 \n ENGLISH CIVIL WAR (1640-46): Puritans, Presbyterians, & Parliament (Roundheads) vs. King & Royalists \n (Cavaliers). \n Charles I appointed an Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633 who wanted to restore Catholicism to the Church \n of England. Archbishop Laud tried to eliminate Calvinism (Presbyterians and Puritans), but riots broke out \n in Edinburgh in 1637 when he tried to force a Church of England prayer book on the Scots. Parliament \n refused Charles I’s request for money in 1625, 1626, & 1628. Starting in 1629, Charles I ruled without \n Parliament for 11 years. His prime minister, the Earl of Strafford, taxed without Parliament’s consent. \n Charles I finally called Parliament in 1640, but dissolved it when it wouldn’t do as he wished. Another \n convened—the Long Parliament—after the king agreed it couldn’t be dissolved. In 1641, Parliament \n beheaded the prime minister and impeached Church of England bishops. (Laud was beheaded in 1645). \n The House of Commons told Charles I how the government should change, but Charles I came to \n Parliament in person in 1642 to arrest members who criticized him, accusing them of treason. Parliament \n hid them and they became national heroes. Charles I sent the Queen to Europe with the crown jewels and \n started a war. Scottish Presbyterians joined the Puritans and Parliament in 1643. Charles I lost the war, \n surrendered in 1646, and was handed over to Parliament in 1647. After a treason trial, he was executed in \n 1649. What was revolutionary is that the people claimed to be the nation and said they had not rebelled \n against the king. The king himself was the traitor, because he violated the Constitution. During the war, \n there was little immigration to America and the colonists governed themselves. \n COMMONWEALTH (1653-60) & the RESTORATION: Oliver Cromwell used the Puritan Army to defeat the \n Presbyterians and Parliament, then established a military dictatorship as Lord Protector. He died in 1658. \n His son Richard didn’t fight to keep power. In 1660, Parliament invited Charles II to return as king in the \n Restoration. Charles II didn’t establish religious toleration, and the English began leaving for America \n again. Also, Charles II rewarded supporters with colonies. The Lords Proprietor started the Carolinas, New \n Jersey, the Bahamas, and Hudson’s Bay. Charles II’s younger brother, James, Duke of York, took New York \n from the Dutch. William Penn started Pennsylvania and redeveloped Delaware. Charles II married a \n Portuguese princess to get part of India, but they had no children. His brother succeeded in 1685 as James \n II. Charles II accepted that he was a constitutional monarch, but James II thought he ruled by Divine Right. \n Mercantilism was the main economic theory at the time. It said wealth came from trade and the \n possession of precious metals. Countries were supposed to operate colonies to get raw materials that \n could be turned into finished goods. In mercantilist empires, colonies sold to the mother country and had \n to buy finished goods from the mother country; however, the mother country could sell all over the world. \n The mother country would get rich, while the colonies were held hostage to make that happen. Cromwell \n and Charles II both signed mercantilist trade restrictions that hurt the colonies, but religious toleration and \n cheap real estate caused their population to grow anyway. \n The GLORIOUS REVOLUTION & HOUSE OF HANOVER: James II was Catholic, but had two Protestant \n daughters—Mary and Anne—who were his heirs. Unfortunately in 1673 he married a Catholic who bore \n him a son, “James III.” Known as the “warming pan baby” or “the Old Pretender,” “James III” (who would \n be Catholic) outranked his sisters. Noblemen invited Mary and her husband, William of Orange, to rule \n instead, and James II fled the country in 1689. This is called the Glorious Revolution because people got \n freedoms, but no one died. William and Mary signed a Bill of Rights defining the “rights of Englishmen” \n and a religious Toleration Act. In Two Treatises on Government (1690), John Locke explained that the \n revolution was justified because “the king and his people had a contract” that James II broke. Locke said it \n was the duty of patriots to oppose a government that would not respect their rights. He also claimed that \n people have natural rights of life, liberty, & property that governments must respect. The colonists \n recycled those ideas later when the English Parliament tried to tax them without representation. William’s \n government also passed trade restrictions that hurt the colonial economy, but William & Mary died without \n children (he was gay), and Anne succeeded them in 1702. She had 15 children who all died in childhood, \n so Anne was succeeded in 1714 by her cousin, George, Elector of Hanover, a great-grandson of James I. \n Although George I ruled until 1727, he only spoke German. George II, his son, ruled until 1760. Both \n Georges let ministers of state operate the government, especially Robert Walpole, who practiced Salutary \n Neglect. Walpole thought trade laws passed under Cromwell, Charles II, James II, & William should not be \n enforced. Under Salutary Neglect, the colonies prospered, governed themselves, and believed they had \n rights of Englishmen, especially the right to consent to taxation through their colonial assemblies. \n Georges I & II didn’t think it was necessary to tell the colonists any different. George III messed up in 1760 \n when he enforced trade laws and added new ones. The French & Indian War made colonists feel \n independent. They did most of the fighting, not the English Army, and they objected to paying for military \n protection after it was over. \n NAVIGATION ACTS: Trade laws called Navigation Acts enforced mercantilism. The Cromwell Act of 1651 \n resulted from a trade war he fought with the Dutch. Cromwell said colonists had to send goods to England \n in English ships with English crews. This meant there was no foreign competition in pricing, so colonists \n had to pay whatever English ship captains charged them for freight. It cut hard into colonists’ profits. The \n Charles II Act of 1660 created a list of goods that could the colonists could only sell to England, such as \n tobacco, fur, naval stores, sugar, rice, indigo, & cotton. In other words, anything they could make money \n on could only be sold to the English for very little money, and foreign buyers were not allowed to offer

more. The Staple Act of 1663 forced foreign goods that were going to the colonies to stop in England first \n to be taxed. The Plantation Duty Act of 1673 made English ship captains pay a loading tax when they \n loaded the colonists’ goods, and put up a bond, or cash deposit, to guarantee they were actually taking the \n goods to England. Ship captains just passed these costs onto the colonists and refused to load colonial \n merchandise until the colonists paid it. The Navigation Act of 1696 created a Board of Trade and sent \n people who were accused of breaking the trade laws to Admiralty Courts where they didn’t have trial by \n jury or some other rights. Smuggling was a big problem, and local juries usually wouldn’t convict people \n who broke trade laws. The colonial assemblies never consented to these laws. Since the laws weren’t a \n tax on the colonists themselves, some people said it wasn’t quite taxation without representation. But it \n was close! If Georges I & II hadn’t refused to enforce the laws, the American Revolution might have \n happened earlier. \n \n THE COMING OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION & “BAD LAWS” OF THE 1760S \n In 1754, George II gave a grant of 200,000 acres in western Virginia to land that was also claimed by the \n French. George Washington, age 21, was told to go evict the French. Instead, he got captured and \n became a national hero while being held hostage. War broke out between the Indians (who liked France) \n and English colonists (who wanted their land). In 1756, the war became a world war. English colonists \n fought Indians in the forest, and the English Army (redcoats) beat the French Army at Quebec and \n Montreal. In the colonies that became the U. S. A., the English Army was pretty useless, so colonists got a \n negative idea about the value of English troops. France and Spain lost the war. In the Treaty of Paris \n (1763), England got most of France’s American possessions (East Louisiana, Canada, & sugar islands), and \n got Florida from Spain, while West Louisiana went to Spain from France. With France out of the way, \n English colonists planned to get Indian land once the war ended. Instead, George III, drew a line over the \n top of the Appalachian Mountains (Proclamation Line of 1763) and forbade colonists to pass it. They were \n mad! He said it was to keep them safe and to save the cost of fighting the Indians. Settlers demanded to \n know when had the Redcoats ever been any good at protecting the colonists from Indians? Anyway, he \n wouldn’t give them title to land west of the mountains, and Parliament decided it was time to start taxing \n the colonies to make them pay for their share of the war. George III started enforcing the old Navigation \n Acts and added new ones. The Sugar Act of 1764 taxed the raw material that was the basis for New \n England’s rum industry. The Currency Act of 1764 said the colonists could not print their own money, but \n the English government never sent money over either. The colonists were just supposed to send goods to \n England and get credits to spend with English merchants—like being paid in gift cards that are only good \n at certain stores. The Sugar Act affected New England, but the Stamp Act of 1765 made all the colonies \n mad at one time. It taxed paper of all kinds, and none of the colonists had consented to it. Educated \n people and people who did lots of business and writing were the very people it hurt. They started talking \n about how to resist government oppression. The Quartering Act of 1765 forced colonists, especially in \n New York, to take soldiers into their homes to save the government the cost of their food and shelter. \n The Stamp Act caused the most trouble. Sons of Liberty met under Liberty Trees to plan terrorist acts \n against the government. Patrick Henry in Virginia convinced the House of Burgesses to condemn the law. \n The Burgesses said Virginians had never been governed except by laws they had consented to through \n their elected representatives in the House of Burgesses. No Virginians sat in Parliament, so Parliament \n could not tax them without the House of Burgesses consent, they said. A Stamp Act Congress met in \n 1765, in which nine colonies wrote Parliament to say it had no right to tax them. Parliament passed a \n Declaratory Act saying they did have that right, but they repealed the Stamp Act. This only made the \n colonists more courageous. Colonists also voted to boycott goods that were “unlawfully taxed.” The Sons \n of Liberty enforced the boycotts with beatings and intimidation, especially of tax collectors. In 1767, the \n King’s minister, Charles Townshend, declared that all laws of the New York Assembly were void until New \n York accepted the Quartering Act. Townshend’s Revenue Act of 1767 taxed basic consumer goods and \n used the money to pay colonial governors to enforce the laws. Samuel Adams of Massachusetts \n persuaded the Massachusetts Assembly to ask all the colonies to join a boycott of British goods. Virginia’s \n House of Burgesses called for non-importation agreements. Other colonists agreed. \n CLOSER TO INDEPENDENCE: In Boston, in 1770, the Boston Massacre resulted when English soldiers were \n guarding shoppers from intimidation by the Sons of Liberty. Five people died during a riot, and the \n governor sent the troops away for their own safety. To try to make the colonists happy, while still making \n the point that it was legal for Parliament to tax them, all the Townshend Acts were repealed except a tax \n on tea. Samuel Adams helped form a Committee of Correspondence in Boston to send letters to other \n colonies about what the English were doing to destroy the colonists’ liberties. Soon, there were many such \n Committees—they were like the bloggers of the 1760s, keeping everybody informed about how to \n frustrate the government. The East India Company was a government monopoly with 17 million pounds of \n unsold, taxed tea in the warehouse. Colonists were buying John Hancock’s smuggled tea instead. It was \n cheaper because he didn’t pay the tax. When the government cut the price of the taxed tea lower than \n Hancock’s, he and Samuel Adams destroyed the tea in the Boston Tea Party of 1773. Drink that! The King \n & Parliament answered this with the Coercive Acts of 1774 that closed the port of Boston until the tea was \n paid for, replaced the governor with martial law, and warned other colonies that the same thing would \n happen to them if they defied the government. Thomas Jefferson got the Virginia House of Burgesses to \n declare a day of fasting and prayer to show sympathy for Boston, and the governor of Virginia locked them \n out of their meeting house. Virginia’s House of Burgesses had been a colonial legislature for more than

150 years, but they found they really had no rights at all! The Burgesses adjourned to a tavern and called \n for a Continental Congress to discuss the issues at stake. This First Continental Congress met in \n Philadelphia in 1774. Delegates came from all the English colonies of America except for Georgia, Quebec, \n Nova Scotia, the Floridas, and the Caribbean islands. One delegate, George Washington, said that unless \n the colonists asserted themselves, they would lose all their citizenship rights and be like slaves. Rights \n you don’t defend go away! The Continental Congress stated that the Coercive Acts were illegal, that \n Boston Harbor must be kept open by force, and colonists must not buy English goods. It said that colonists \n were only subject to the King, not to Parliament. George III was furious and Parliament declared \n Massachusetts to be in rebellion. The Massachusetts Assembly gave John Hancock the command of its \n colonial militia, and these Minute Men started practicing to be able to shoot English soldiers. A colony that \n would put a smuggler in charge of disobeying the government and killing its own soldiers was in rebellion \n indeed! The Sons of Liberty, meanwhile, were tar and feathering tax collectors and people who would not \n boycott English goods. In April 1775, the government told Massachusetts’s military governor to stop the \n rebellion. He sent 700 men to Lexington, Massachusetts, to arrest John Hancock & Samuel Adams, but \n Paul Revere warned them to escape. Seventy Minute Men confronted the English at Lexington, and the \n “Shot Heard Round the World” went off. The English retreated to Boston, and the militia gathered to put \n Boston under siege. In May of 1775, the Second Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia. Within

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