Pesticides Forum report 2019

Introduction

  • The 'Pesticides in the UK: The 2019 report on the impacts and sustainable use of pesticides' is the annual report of the Pesticides Forum.
  • The Pesticides Forum was established in 1996 to unite various organizations with a vested interest in pesticides and their usage impacts.
  • The Forum represents stakeholders with varied perspectives on pesticides and strategies to address the impacts of their use.
  • Since 2013, the Forum has been instrumental in supporting the government's UK National Action Plan for the Sustainable Use of Pesticides (Plant Protection Products).
  • The Forum facilitates stakeholder interaction, discusses pivotal issues, and utilizes the annual report to monitor plan delivery via indicators.
  • The report details the Forum's 2019 activities and the National Action Plan (NAP) objectives and progress.
  • It incorporates data and charts concerning the sustainability of pesticide use.
  • The report is a compilation from diverse sources, with its content not necessarily representing the individual or collective views of member organizations.
  • Tracey Ware serves as the Secretary to the Pesticides Forum.

Chair’s foreword

  • The 2019 edition of the Pesticides Forum’s annual report provides findings on the sustainability of pesticide use, accompanied by graphs, charts, and maps in an annex.
  • Defra's 25-year environment plan prioritizes water and the use of integrated approaches in relation to sustainable pesticide use.
  • The Forum receives updates from environment agencies and Water UK, including reports from Drinking Water Inspectorates and the Drinking Water Quality Regulator, which show high compliance with legislation.
  • The National Action Plan (NAP) emphasizes integrated approaches, with indicators demonstrating users' awareness of alternatives to conventional pesticides.
  • The sub-group on research and knowledge transfer focuses on water protection and IPM, aiming to convert research into guidance for pesticide users.
  • The report includes data on pesticide application equipment inspections, which were introduced in November 2016. Changes to testing timelines will take effect from November 2020.
  • Data on agri-environment schemes are included; the report highlights popular options taken up by farmers in each UK country.
  • The Forum engages with Defra on the development of the new NAP.
  • Professor John Moverley OBE acknowledges the Forum’s Secretariat and member organizations for their contributions to promoting responsible and sustainable pesticide use.

Executive summary

  • The report's indicators suggest that collaborative efforts by government, industry, and other bodies are leading to the sustainable use of pesticides.
  • Training indicator data show an increase in pesticide users obtaining qualifications for safe chemical use, following new legal requirements introduced in November 2015.
  • More users are participating in continuing professional development (CPD) schemes, demonstrating a commitment to updating their knowledge and expertise, supported by well-trained distribution and advisory industries.
  • Organizations like the Voluntary Initiative and Amenity Forum assist users, distributors, and advisors by providing practical, clear, and updated guidance on pesticide use and waste disposal.
  • Farm and Amenity Assurance Schemes offer a framework for applying guidance and monitoring standards, although engagement levels vary across different sectors of pesticide use.
  • Regular testing of pesticide application equipment is another requirement, with data indicating a modest impact, reflecting the success of industry-led approaches in agriculture and horticulture.
  • Better data are needed on the impact of the testing regime in other sectors.
  • Equipment test numbers have decreased overall due to legislative changes and the use of contractors, though numbers have increased in the amenity and fruit sectors.
  • Changes to testing requirements in November 2020 may affect future figures.
  • Assessing the short- and long-term effects of pesticides on human health is an important objective, with data from the National Poisons Information Service providing an indication of acute effects.
  • Information on chronic effects is more challenging to obtain, and the Prospective Investigation of Pesticide Applicators’ Health study is monitoring this.
  • Improved understanding of the impact of pesticides on water quality is emerging, with data identifying pesticides posing the greatest risk of non-compliance with water quality standards.
  • Forum members' knowledge ensures understanding of contamination pathways and risk mitigation options.
  • Evidence suggests contamination generally arises from diffuse sources.
  • The report includes information on pesticide use in amenity situations, noting that while progress has been made, a more complete and robust evidence base is needed.
  • Assessing the extent of integrated pest management (IPM) employment is challenging, though studies show most farmers use practices consistent with IPM principles.
  • The Amenity Forum promotes integrated approaches and has developed documentation to help users create IPM plans.
  • Data suggest users have greater access to a range of control measures, and training courses prioritize IPM use.
  • The indicators present a mixed picture, with data suggesting positive progression to greater sustainability balanced by negative trends and a need for greater progress in some areas.
  • Interpreting the findings provides an indication of areas and subjects potentially warranting attention or further action.

Forum activities in 2019

  • The Forum met twice in 2019, in April and October.
  • In April, designated awarding bodies informed the Forum about training available to pesticide users, distributors, and advisors to gather feedback and identify new training needs.
  • The Amenity Forum, which plays a key role in improving practices in a key sector of pesticide use, reported on its efforts to increase engagement with local authorities (LAs), aiming to double LA membership.
  • Parks for London, representing 28 LAs, had joined.
  • The Amenity Forum's revised strategic plan for 2018 focused on developing an amenity assured standard, IPM, and communication.
  • It planned to launch the new 'Amenity Standard' to set standards, audit contractor performance, and certify staff and businesses, requiring all professional users to be members of a recognized assurance scheme.
  • Updates were received from the Voluntary Initiative (VI) on agricultural pesticide use, including the NSTS, NRoSO, BeeConnected, and IPM activities.
  • BeeConnected had 3710 hives and 5675 fields registered.
  • The VI collaborated with Defra on Environmental Land Management Schemes (ELMS) and created a network of 'VI Champions' (innovative farmers/advisors using best practices and IPM, media trained, and able to speak at events).
  • The Forum stayed informed and engaged with government developments, including those in devolved administrations, to implement sustainable pesticide use.
  • The Harmonised Risk Indicators (HRIs) legislation was formally adopted in May 2019.
    • HRI 1, based on the 'hazard' from overall pesticide sales, showed a steady decline due to the pesticide review program.
    • HRI 2, based on 'hazard' from emergency authorizations, increased due to challenges in controlling pests, weeds, and diseases.
  • The EU Drinking Water Directive underwent revision with no changes proposed to parametric values for pesticides.
  • Emphasis continued on developing and using IPM.
  • Defra-led a review of the NAP informed by indicator data, evidence gaps, and stakeholder feedback.
  • Protection of water was a high-profile activity, with updates from Defra, UK environment agencies, and Water UK.
  • Welsh Water provided an update on its PestSmart project, with further updates expected at 2020 meetings.
  • Presentations from meetings are available on the Forum’s website.

Review of activities supporting the UK National Action Plan

Part 1: Training

Key priorities
  • Ensure pesticide users, distributors, and advisors continue to have access to high-quality initial and ongoing training in sustainable pesticide use.
  • Emphasize improved training for those in the non-agricultural sectors.
Overview
  • Effective training is crucial for sustainable pesticide use, raising awareness of hazards and risks among those who store, use, distribute, and advise on professional pesticide use.
  • Training highlights the importance of:
    • Maintaining equipment
    • Protecting sensitive environments
    • Adopting good handling and storage practices
    • Controlling pests, weeds, and diseases in an integrated way
  • Training helps maximize pesticide use benefits while minimizing associated risks.
  • Legal requirements from November 2015 mandate all professional pesticide product users to hold a 'specified certificate.'
  • Users previously relying on 'grandfather rights' needed to obtain appropriate certification.
  • Many users chose to complete established full training forms.
  • Data indicate the significant impact of the new legal requirement on the number of certificates issued.
  • Increasing numbers of users are engaging with CPD schemes like the National Register of Sprayer Operators (NRoSO) and the Amenity Training Register.
  • Almost all advisors in agriculture are members of the BASIS Professional Register.
  • Participation in CPD schemes is considered vital due to rapid changes in technology, scientific understanding, and the regulatory environment.

Part 2: Sales

Key priorities
  • Distributors must have enough trained staff to advise on managing risks from pesticide product use at the point of sale.
  • Amateur products need to be sold with information enabling safe storage, application, and disposal.
Overview
  • The law requires pesticide product sellers to have adequately qualified staff at the sale to advise purchasers on use, safety, risks, and management.
  • Distributors and retailers store significant pesticide quantities, necessitating careful management.
  • Advice is available in the Defra Code of Practice for Suppliers of Pesticides (Yellow Code) and HSE guidance.
  • The distribution sector is split into:
    • Professional pesticide products: sold by specialist retailers with BASIS certification for storekeepers, store inspection, and CPD schemes. The sector is highly professional with over 97.5% compliance with standards. Approximately 577 stores exist, including 42 amenity stores.
    • Amateur products: retailed by garden centers, DIY stores, and supermarkets. Staff qualifications are provided by a government-approved e-learning course by the Horticultural Trades Association (HTA) and Crop Protection Association. One retailer has its own approved version.
  • Indicators show professional pesticide product distributors are committed to CPD through the BASIS Nominated Storekeepers scheme.
  • A significant number of amateur product retailers have undergone training due to legal obligations.
  • Data do not reflect differing business approaches; some train few staff with centralized advice systems, while others train all staff.

Part 3: Information and awareness raising

Key priorities
  • The public should have access to accurate, balanced information on pesticide use and its impact.
  • Systems for gathering and reporting information on pesticide poisoning incidents must be in place, and this information must be acted upon appropriately.
Overview
  • Understanding pesticide sustainability requires considering overall messages from various data and information sources instead of focusing on single pieces of data.
  • This report aids in understanding the implications of pesticide use.
  • Information of public interest is presented, including:
    • Pesticide residues in foodstuffs
    • Impact of pesticides on animals and wildlife
    • Reports of adverse effects on human health
  • Data indicates high compliance with statutory maximum residue levels (MRLs) in foodstuffs and a downward trend in reported incidents of wildlife poisoning or adverse human health impacts.
  • Data should be viewed in context, as the program monitoring pesticide residues in foodstuffs targets produce likely to contain residues, monitors different foods annually, and increases the number of pesticides sought in each sample as analytical capabilities develop.
  • Data on wildlife poisoning and adverse human health impacts come from public and health professional reports, likely under-reporting incidents.
Human health monitoring
  • The report includes data on pesticide exposures from the National Poisons Information Service (NPIS), detailing cases referred by health professionals.
  • Between April 2018 and March 2019, healthcare workers reported 1030 patients exposed to pesticides to the NPIS.
  • Most reported exposures were acute and unintentional, with typically low severity.
  • Many acute unintentional exposures involved amateur (home and garden) products, and none were fatal.
  • Products licensed for professional use accounted for 28.6% of exposures.
  • Eighty-five individuals were unintentionally exposed to products authorised for professional use, with around a third of these occurring through occupational exposure.
  • Over the last 10 years, there has been an overall reduction in the incidence of severe toxicity resulting from pesticide exposure.
  • The Prospective Investigation of Pesticide Applicators’ Health (PIPAH) study, started in 2013, is investigating links between working with pesticides and health to identify risks and target appropriate controls.
  • The study builds on the Pesticide Users’ Health Study by collecting detailed information and linking to National Health Service data to monitor long-term health.
  • A major focus is developing tools for precise measurement of health, pesticide use, and other factors affecting health.
  • By the end of 2019, there were just over 6000 participants, with updated information collected on pesticide use, physical activity, diet, lifestyle, and self-reported health status.
  • This data can provide insights into the incidence of ill-health among the participants since they joined.

Part 4: Inspection of application equipment

Key priorities
  • Pesticide application equipment is tested regularly in accordance with legal requirements.
Overview
  • Regular testing and certification of pesticide application equipment helps reduce contamination risks from worn or damaged equipment.
  • From November 2016, application equipment (excluding knapsacks and hand-held) must pass an official inspection by the National Sprayer Testing Scheme (NSTS) as detailed in Regulation 11 of the Plant Protection Products (Sustainable Use) Regulations 2012.
  • The Voluntary Initiative and Amenity Forum have raised awareness of these requirements among operators.
  • Data show the number of machines tested each year by NSTS.
  • Farm Assurance Schemes require annual machinery certification, driving testing of application equipment.
  • Research estimated 20,000 to 25,000 machines in agriculture and horticulture require testing.
  • Increased contract farming and farm consolidation may reduce the number of machines needing testing.
  • There is insufficient information on machinery in non-agricultural sectors requiring testing.
  • The disparity in machinery testing between agricultural and amenity sectors may reflect the lack of Farm Assurance Standards in the latter.
  • Data for 2018/19 shows changes in test numbers:
    • Agriculture: 14,397 to 13,937
    • Amenity: 670 to 717
    • Horticulture: 497 to 494
    • Fruit: 993 to 1029
  • Fifty-two percent of sprayers tested had no faults.
  • Data show an initial peak in testing when the requirement came into force (November 2016) and lower changes since 2018.
  • The 10 most common faults requiring repair are related to:
    • diaphragm check valves, leaks under pressure, filters, leaks (visual inspection), contents gauge, hoses, boom straightness, chemical induction system leaks, pressure gauge accuracy

Part 5: Aerial application

Key priorities
  • Applications for aerial spraying operations are assessed appropriately and permitted or refused in accordance with relevant legislation.
Overview
  • The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is the UK authority for establishing conditions for aerial spraying and assessing/permitting applications.
  • HSE carries out these functions for Defra and devolved administrations.
  • Aerial spraying is primarily for bracken control in upland areas, using ground-based methods where safe and appropriate.
  • Topography and scale often necessitate aerial application of pesticide.
  • Only one product containing asulam is authorized for this use, granted annually on an emergency basis following stakeholder application.
  • The emergency authorization addresses bracken problems while EU approval of the active substance is considered.
  • Only a few companies conduct aerial spraying, requiring notification to HSE and a permit.
  • HSE permits operations if a range of conditions are met.
  • Spraying near conservation areas involves additional checks by conservation authorities.
  • Careful consideration and specific conditions are imposed to assess impacts.
  • Water companies can access information on planned aerial spraying.
  • Work is ongoing to develop alternative (ground-based) methods and test other pesticide products for bracken control.
  • Permits issued in 2019 were lower than in 2018.
  • Pesticide Usage Survey data for 2019 show 1319 hectares sprayed in England, 3636 in Scotland, and 288 in Wales, with none in Northern Ireland.
  • There is industry interest in applying pesticides from unmanned aerial vehicles (drones), considered aerial spraying by the government.
  • Neither pesticide authorizations nor specified certificates currently enable this.
  • HSE is working to understand the risks and whether new risk assessments are needed to permit such use.

Part 6: Measures to protect the aquatic environment and drinking water

Key priorities:
  • Understanding which pesticides contaminate water and how
  • Ensuring pesticides in water do not harm health or the environment
  • Taking effective action to prevent or reduce contamination
  • Minimizing accidental spillages
  • Improving standards for infrequent pesticide users
Overview:
  • Preventing unacceptable environmental effects and meeting water quality legislation is a UK NAP priority.
  • Authorized pesticide use can lead to residues in surface, ground, and tap water, which must meet statutory quality standards.
  • Low pesticide limits in water are set by law, lower than health protection guidance levels.
  • Exceeding limits doesn't necessarily mean human health risks.
  • The Pesticides Forum and Voluntary Initiative joint working group focuses on:
    • Developing an IPM-style system for grassland and forage crops
    • Assessing the risk of losing pest, weed, and disease control tools
    • Facilitating resilient grassland businesses
  • This work helps guarantee that grassland users have access to solid information on sustainable practices.
  • Examples of outputs include leaflets, articles, presence at events, and NRoSO training resources.
  • In addition to stewardship initiatives such as the VI or Amenity Forum, there are also product-specific industry-led programs.
  • These programs cover metaldehyde-containing products, bentazone-containing products, chlorpropham in potato storage, oilseed rape and grassland herbicides, and certain nematicides.
  • The programs are evidence of the industry's commitment to helping ensure that users have the maximum awareness of the risks involved with applying specific pesticides, and of how to minimize such risks.
  • Such schemes can also help ensure farmers and others retain access to a sufficiently wide range of chemistry enabling them to produce safe, high-quality, reasonably priced, and locally grown foodstuffs.
  • Indicators contain details of whether pesticides in surface waters and groundwater risk non-compliance with water quality laws and contamination incidents.
  • Data is updated every two to three years due to resource intensity.
  • The primary pesticides that result in compromised water-quality standards are metaldehyde and herbicides employed to manage weeds in oilseed rape crops.
  • These substances reach water through drainflow after applications in wet autumns or storm events.
  • The continued detection of cypermethrin above the Environmental Quality Standard led to extra source investigation and control option analysis.
  • It requires further monitoring until compliance is achieved.
  • Cypermethrin is also employed as a veterinary medicine.
  • The Forum has learned about the work done under product stewardship campaigns, including the Voluntary Initiative’s ‘OSR Herbicides? Think Water’ initiative to reduce the risk of these pesticides reaching water.
England:
  • There are no new published data regarding surface water sample points that currently fail to meet Water Framework Directive (WFD) Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for pesticides in England.
  • Across England, 231 of the 485 (48%) surface water Drinking Water Protected Areas (DrWPAs) are ‘at risk’ from pesticides. Where a DrWPA is at risk, a non-statutory safeguard zone (SgZ) is established around a drinking water abstraction.
  • There are 143 surface water SgZs in England, where land-use practices are most likely the cause of quality deterioration.
  • Pesticides are the largest source of surface water DrWPAs at risk, with 129 surface waters ‘at risk’ in 2019.
  • Metaldehyde is the main cause of surface water being ‘at risk’.
  • The substances are: bentazone, carbetamide, chlortoluron, clopyralid, cypermethrin, MCPA, mecoprop-P, metaldehyde and propyzamide.
  • Increasing detection frequency of 2,4-D amine is also of concern.
Scotland:
  • No surface waters were assessed as failing good status due to pesticides in 2018.
  • In October 2019, SEPA undertook a small, targeted sampling programme to test the capabilities of a new chemical screening approach as a ‘proof of concept’.
  • A number of pesticides were detected in samples from the study, some of which SEPA has not had the ability to detect before.
  • SEPA is now developing an approach for chemical screening that best captures chemical risks in the water environment.
Drinking Water Inspectorate (England and Wales):
  • The Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI) ensures appropriate action is taken to maintain confidence in drinking water quality and to safeguard public health.
  • In 2018, in England and Wales, public water supply compliance with the EU Drinking Water Directive was 99.95%.
  • Ozone and granular activated carbon have been installed by water companies since 1990 to remove pesticides and other contaminants.
  • Almost half of the tests were carried out on samples drawn from consumers’ taps selected at random.
  • Collectively, water companies in England and Wales performed a total of 207 154 tests for individual pesticides during 2018.
  • Only 11 of these tests failed to meet one or more of the standards, all in England, and comprised of carbetamide (2), metaldehyde (4), oxadixyl (3) and propyzamide (2).
Drinking Water Quality Regulator for Scotland:
  • DWQR performs a similar role in Scotland to the DWI in England and Wales.
  • 99.90% compliance with the EU Drinking Water Directive, consistent with results in previous years. Compliance was marginally higher for pesticide active substances.
  • 99.96% of 9822 tests for individual pesticides met the required standard.
  • None of the individual pesticide tests failed to meet the required standard.
Drinking Water Inspectorate Northern Ireland:
  • 35 individual pesticides were monitored.
  • From these, two samples contravened for MCPA.
  • During 2018, within the Operational Sampling program, NI Water identified three samples with residues of MCPA above the regulatory limit.
  • The number of pesticide contraventions reported from both compliance and operational sampling in 2018 was five, which is significantly lower than for 2017 (23 contraventions).
Water UK:
  • Water companies across the UK have dedicated catchment management teams who work proactively with stakeholders to investigate and raise awareness of pesticides issues affecting water quality.
  • Catchment monitoring programs determine pesticide sources and pathways, enabling resources to be focused on innovative pesticide mitigation projects targeted at the areas posing the greatest risk.
  • Pesticide contamination at the source occurs from: grassland herbicides, oilseed rape herbicides and metaldehyde.
  • This agreement between the water industry, Environment Agency and Network Rail highlights vulnerable groundwater areas within the UK rail network and ensures appropriate mitigation measures are implemented (in these areas) to protect groundwater quality.

Part 7: Reduction of risk in specific areas

Key priorities
  • The challenges of pest control in public spaces and protected areas are understood, and pesticide risks and use in these areas are minimized.
  • Industry bodies continue to play an important role in developing and promoting best practice measures and disseminating advice when pesticides are used in public spaces.
Overview
  • Improving the practices of pesticide users in the amenity sector is a priority under the NAP.
  • The UK has strict legislative requirements to protect conservation areas and recently treated areas accessible to agricultural workers.
Amenity areas
  • Our understanding of the amenity sector is improved with regular surveys in the Pesticide Usage Survey (PUS) programme.
  • However, pesticide use understanding in the sector does not match other sectors.
  • Notable activities in 2019 were:
    • production of the second Amenity Forum Annual Report
    • refresh of the ‘GetMoving’ campaign
    • a Twitter account, @Amenity Forum, using the hashtag #AmenityMatters
    • development of new documentation: integrated weed management (IWM) guidance and the creation of an integrated management plan template, plus ‘Good Parks Guidance’ launched in London, and development of an IWM policy with Parks for London
    • continuing contribution to conferences, seminars and events
    • increased engagement with the water sector, particularly Welsh Water and the Rivers Trust
    • the Amenity Sprayer Operator of the Year award 2019
Protected areas
  • Protected areas receive protection due to their recognized nature conservation and/or cultural values.
  • They can be designated under international treaties and laws, national legislation, or local policies and include sites of local interest, as well as designations of national and international importance.
  • There are different categories of protected areas and some sites benefit from multiple designations, including ASSIs, SSSIs, SPAs, and SACs.
  • The use of pesticides in or near protected areas may affect their conservation, particularly on sites for protecting plants and animals.
  • Before applying pesticides in designated sites, the relevant statutory nature conservation authority must be consulted and their consent obtained.
  • In some circumstances, pesticides are used as part of the site management, for example where an invasive plant compromises the nature conservation objectives of a site.

Part 8: Handling and storage of pesticides and treatment of their packaging and remnants

Key priorities
  • Handling, storage, and disposal of pesticides should meet high standards in both the professional and amateur sectors.
  • Best practice guidance should be available for professional users across all sectors.
Overview
  • Good handling, storage, and disposal practices ensure sustainable pesticide use.
  • Obtaining detailed information on pesticide handling, storage, and disposal practices is challenging due to variations between individuals and situations.
  • Selected indicators for this part of the report capture the extent to which:
    • farmers comply with legislative requirements on pesticide use and storage
    • operators demonstrate sustainable ways of managing pesticide waste
  • Data are drawn from government inspections assessing entitlement to farming subsidies.
  • Penalties are based on the severity of non-compliance with legal requirements.
  • There is an appreciation of sustainable ways for managing pesticide waste and a high degree of compliance with the laws relating to the use and storage of pesticides.
Amateur sector
  • Improving practice in the amateur sector is also a priority area in the UK NAP.
  • It's important to emphasize that amateur users dispose of pesticides and packaging appropriately.
  • An amateur pesticide user habits survey was conducted, determining gardener user habits related to pesticide use.
  • The survey results include:
    • 16% of biological products and 32% using physical barriers
    • DIY or home stores have become a popular location to purchase from
    • Information has increased on websites on how to use pesticides
    • Levels of storing pesticides have increased for three years or more, those are unaware on how to dispose of
    • The percentage of respondents rinsing empty containers was the lowest since 2007
    • There was a slight increase from 2016 in the rinsing water ending up in sinks.
  • As a result of the 2019 survey, the Amateur Liaison Group will work on the following actions:
    • developing communications material for external groups to use if they wish
    • rationalising the disposal information on product labels
    • simplifying the next questionnaire

Part 9: Low pesticide input management, including Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Key priorities
  • Low pesticide input management systems continue to be developed, promoted, and adopted by professional pesticide users.
  • Raise awareness and adoption of IPM principles among professional users.
  • The development and availability of integrated approaches to pest, weed, and disease control.
  • Prioritize the healthy growth of crops while minimizing disruption to agroecosystems, and promote natural pest control mechanisms.
Overview
  • Integrated pest management is a priority area in the NAP.
  • The reason to promote low pesticide input management involves:
    • Consider a range of techniques and products.
    • Declining availability of products due to pest resistence
  • All pesticide users undertake elements of integrated control.
  • Site and time based approaches are required for IPM
  • All who are trained in recent years have been taught the importance of controlling pests in an integrated fashion (part 1)
  • Integrated approaches is based on farmers adopting environment options.
  • Outcomes from IPM can be presented.
  • Awarding bodies include IPM in their syllabuses.
  • The group’s focus was on IPM and the protection of water.
  • Bird populations provide a good indication of the broad state of wildlife.
  • Birds habitat a wide range of factors with long term data on bird level changes.

Part 10: Indicators

Key priorities
  • The indicators would measure pesticide usage to improve NAP objects.
  • Indicator data and information are used to give a more clear understanding fashion
  • Our indicators identify high priority items, that require more sustainable pesticide use.
Overview
  • Provide a greater overview of pesticide usage and impacts, limitations throughout approach.
  • Provide a range of data and information and help limitations in our approach