AE-APU4 Subject Hybrid & Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV)
Focus on acquiring knowledge regarding internal combustion engine components and their interactions.
Goals After Studying This Module
Able to:
Describe different hybrid drive systems
Explain the history of hybrid and BEV development
Outline fundamentals of Hybrid Drive Systems
Accurately describe components used in hybrid and BEV vehicles
Explain hybrid drive system classification
Name and describe various electrical machines
Sketch power range and range anxiety
Describe power electronics & converters
Sketch differEnergy storage devices (lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride, sodium-nickel-chloride, lithium-ion)
Explain battery management processes
Explain hybrid drive system transmissions
Explain energy management systems
Discuss energy recuperation, SOC, and distribution
Explain on-board power supply systems
Discuss pros and cons of gasoline & diesel hybrid drive systems
Explain reasons behind alternative power unit developments
Describe practical fuel consumption standard tests
Overview of Hybrid and Electric Drives
Inquiry into what drive variant has the future.
Development of Internal Combustion Engine and Its Impact
Contributed to modern society growth through:
Welfare, parcel services, freight transport, shipping, aviation.
Environmental issues caused by combustion engines:
23% of global CO2 emissions leading to global warming.
EU CO2 Emission Reduction Agreements
Average consumption/emission target of 120 g CO2/km by 2012
130 g CO2/km target achieved through motor and vehicle technical measures
Remaining 10 g CO2/km achieved through biofuels
By 2012, 65% of vehicles must meet this requirement; 100% by 2015.
Examples of compliant vehicles:
VW Polo BlueMotion: 87 g CO2/km
Smart Fortwo CDI: 88 g CO2/km
Larger vehicles (sports cars, SUVs) pose a challenge to compliance.
New technologies necessary to meet emission standards, emphasizing energy efficiency and mechanical conversion improvements.
WLTP Driving Cycle
Introduction of new WLTP measuring cycle discussed in details via videos on Canvas.
Hybrid Vehicles Definition
"Hybrid" derives from Latin meaning close mixing of dissimilar things.
Hybrid vehicle powered by at least 2 power sources (e.g. gasoline engine + electric motor).
Features two energy converters and two energy storage systems.
Practical combination for hybrid vehicles:
Chemical energy storage (petrol/diesel) + electrical/mechanical energy accumulator.
Several drive options arise from hybrid configuration.
Mechanical Systems in Hybrid Vehicles
Historical mechanical accumulation systems discussed include:
Flywheel accumulators (e.g. Gyrobus prototype).
Showed limited real-world effectiveness due to energy storage limitations.
Energy Accumulation and Recovery Systems
Overview of pneumatic and hydro-pneumatic accumulators:
Historical usage for vehicle propulsion.
Challenges around energy accumulation and power density noted.
Integration of modern kinetic energy recovery systems (KERS) in Formula 1.
Innovations in electric vehicles owing to reduce energy consumption.
Combustion Engine Functionality
Internal combustion engines utilize fossil fuels for energy.
Combustion reaction releases heat and exhaust gases (ideally consists of only water and CO2).
Real-life emissions include harmful substances (NOx, CO, unburned HCs) contributing to pollution.
Importance of optimizing combustion processes highlighted.
Greenhouse Effect and CO2 Impact
Historical warnings by Svante Arrhenius about CO2’s role in climate change:
Temperature increase correlations (0.3 to 1.0 °C increase expected in upcoming decades).
Uncertainty around human-induced temperature changes and natural fluctuations.
Practical Example: VW City-stromer
Overview of specifications for early hybrid models mentioned:
20 HP, 12 hours charging at 11.4 kWh, drove 80-100 km.
Classification of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Outline hybrid variants:
Micro-Hybrid, Mild-Hybrid, Full-Hybrid (HEV), Plug-In Hybrid (PHEV).
Drive System Structures
Various hybrid drive configurations (serial, parallel, split) described along with advantages or drawbacks.
Conversion and Functionality of Electrical Machines
Further explanation of the underlying mechanics of hybrid systems:
Differences in efficiencies and types of drive torque available.
Introduction to control mechanisms that optimize driving dynamics and performance.
On-board Power Management Systems
Discussion around vehicle powerups, smart technologies, and how they assist in energy flows.
Complexity in coordination between combustion engines and electrical units.
Advanced Battery Technologies
Overview of various battery types:
Lead Acid, Nickel Metal Hydride, Lithium-ion technologies highlighted.
Focus on their energy density, cycle life, efficiency, and conclusion on suitability for hybrid vehicles
Responsible Battery Management Systems
Define the role of BMS, impacts during charging/discharging cycles, impact on maintenance, and termination of battery life cycles.
Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel
Chemical principles, various hydrogen sourcing methods, including production techniques.
Emphasis on sustainable hydrogen production and potential for zero-emission driving solutions.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Contrast between hydrogen and electric vehicles, discussing applications, obstacles, and areas for future development highlighted.
Present different fuel cell types: PEMFC, PAFC, SOFC including operational principles and efficiency factors.
Safety and EMC Measures in Hybrid Vehicles
Focus on ensuring the electromagnetic compatibility between vehicle components to prevent operational malfunctions via filtering and shielding techniques.
Summary: Trends in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles
Increased electrification and hybridization continuing with component integration, with emphasis on reduced emissions and high-efficiency standards in the future of automotive technology.